Ending Government's Offending Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Ending Government's Offending Program - Essay Example Also, we wish to specifically know the length of time by which an offender commits another crime. Time series analysis in which we compare the result of for those offenders before and after the program was instituted will be done. The data will be gathered from the concerned institution and regression analysis will be conducted. The Ending Offending Program particularly targets treatment for offenders who are found to be substance abusers. The specific concern that the government faces with the substance abusers is the number of re-offending cases even after a punishment is served. This is based on the belief that until substance abuse is stopped, no significant change in behaviour will be expected, thus the likelihood of re-offending is still high. This particular program targets four treatment strategies: substance abuse awareness, lifestyle choices, awareness of attitudes or behaviour related to alcohol use and relapse prevention planning to manage triggers relating to alcohol abuse and to establish positive lifestyle choices (Queensland Corrective Services, 2009). The Queensland Corrective Services describe the program as "a culturally-specific program designed for Indigenous offenders to help address aspects of their criminogenic behaviour relating to alcohol abuse" (2009). ... ulturally-specific program designed for Indigenous offenders to help address aspects of their criminogenic behaviour relating to alcohol abuse" (2009). Specifically, the Ending Offending Program is an intervention that wishes to alter the drinking and drug use behavior of the offenders through a cognitive behavioural model that "uses both active and experiential learning exercises that are culturally appropriate" (Queensland Corrective Services, 2009). The specific goals of the program include changing the offenders "understanding, attitudes and behaviour in regards to alcohol use" (Queensland Corrective Services, 2009). For the purpose of evaluation, we will be looking at the effectiveness of the model in terms of curtailing substance and alcohol abuse and subsequently criminal offenses. So far, there are specifically four mentioned intervention programs and we will analyze each one - the substance abuse awareness, lifestyle choices, awareness of attitudes or behaviours related to alcohol use and relapse prevention planning to manage triggers relating to alcohol abuse and to establish positive lifestyle choices. The study will be conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative method particularly time-series analysis will be done to test the over-all effect of the program versus the absence of the program. This necessitates the use of dummy variable so as the differentiate the period from which the intervention was introduced versus the period prior to the introduction of the program. Over-all, the program aims to reduce recidivism, reduce the negative consequences of alcohol and drug use, enhance the process of restitution and reparation and foster partnership in aboriginal development (Hunter, 1999). For this particular paper, we

Gender in Translation Essay Example for Free

Gender in Translation Essay Abstract Metaphors are taken to be the most fundamental form of figurative language, carrying the assumption that terms literally connected with one object can be transferred to another object. A writer/speaker uses metaphor more often than not with the intentions of introducing a new object/concept, offering a more precise meaning, or simply presenting a more poetic effect to his text/speech. The main focus of this study is image metaphors of color in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. The study set out to determine how this particular figure of speech is rendered by reviewing two English translations of the work. The framework of the study was Newmarks (1988a) seven suggested procedures for translating metaphors. In addition to determining which of these procedures have been applied in the two translations, the study also aimed at discovering whether any new procedures might have been applied. The study also attempted to find out whether any exclusive patterns were observed in each translators rendering of the discussed items. The study concluded that out of the seven procedures proposed by Newmark for translating metaphors, Warner Warner applied five procedures and Davis applied all seven of the procedures in the translation of image metaphors of color. No new procedure was observed in their translations. The translators choices of procedures for translating these specific items showed that Warner Warner had a tendency towards the first procedure which resulted in a literal translation of the particular metaphor, whereas Davis had a tendency towards the other six  procedures which all led to explicitation, simplification and the production of a reader-oriented text. Key terms: the Shahnameh, figurative language, metaphor, image metaphor of color, translation procedure 1. Introduction Translation, as Catford (1965) defines it, is an act of transference, in which a text from the source language is replaced by its equivalent in the target language (p. 20). Newmarks (1988b, p. 5) more modern version of the term is often, though not by any means always, rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Even the mere thought of inferring from these two definitions that the task of a translator and the whole translation process is a simple one seems a naivete on the part of the inexperienced. Any given source text intended for translation, regardless of its text-type, is required to undergo a close reading in order to understand what it is about, and then an analysis from the point of view of the translator. The analysis stage consists of determining the intention of the text which, according to Newmark (1988a), represents the SL writers attitude to the subject matter – and also the style in which it is written. Being attentive to the selected lexicon, the syntax, figures of speech, neologisms, punctuations, names, and many more is a vital role the translator plays in the process of translation. In the case of poetry, apart from all the above features there is a surplus of sound effects such as rhyme, meter, assonance, alliteration, stress, onomatopoeia. The most common goal among translators is, and always should be, to create the same effect on the target reader as the original writer had intended for his readers. In Nidas own words, the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message (Nida, 1964a, p. 159). Understanding and analyzing figurative language in a text, as mentioned above, is one of the difficult processes in translation. One of these figures of speech is metaphor which is considered by linguists as the most basic where one object is used to describe another object and both objects are essentially disparate entities, but common in one or more attributes. In the following section, the theoretical preliminaries of the study will be presented, which includes an overview of metaphor, concerning its definition, classifications, identification, and also translation procedures introduced by Newmark (1988a) on the translation of metaphors in general. The image metaphor of color in particular will also be discussed along with several exemplifications. Thereafter, a selection of the collected data will be presented, analyzed and discussed. The last section will include the conclusion of the study. 2. Theoretical Preliminaries 2. 1. Definition of Metaphor Metaphor, as stated in the Merriam Webster online dictionary, is etymologically from Greek, from metapherein, meaning to transfer and from meta- + pherein, meaning to bear. It is defined by the same source as a figure of speech, in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them. One of Shakespeares most famous and oft-quoted lines, All the worlds a stage, is an example of a metaphor, where he indicates that the world and stage are analogous. According to Richards (1936), a metaphor consists of two parts, tenor andvehicle, also introduced as object and image by Newmark (1988a), respectively. The tenor is the term to which attributes are ascribed and the vehicle is the term from which attributes are borrowed. The properties of the vehicle which apply to the tenor in a given metaphor are namedgrounds of a metaphor, also known as the sense of a metaphor. Therefore, in the example given above, world is the tenor or object, and stage is the vehicle or image. The ground of this metaphor is more apparent when the next two lines are added: All the worlds a stage And all the men and women are merely players, They have their exits and their entrances This metaphor is extended through adding another pair of tenor and vehicle, i. e. men and women is the second tenor and players is the second vehicle. Therefore, as the actors on stage have an entrance and also an exit, the inhabitants of the world do as well, their entrance to this world being birth and their exit being death. 2. 2. Classifications of Metaphors Metaphors have been categorized in different ways by different linguists. Black (1962a, p. 25) asserts that the only entrenched classification is grounded in the trite opposition between dead and live metaphors. He adds that this is no more helpful than, say, treating a corpse as a special case of a person: A so- called dead metaphor is not a metaphor at all, but merely an expression that no longer has a pregnant metaphorical use. However, he does present a classification for metaphors, but not before declaring that if the actuality of a metaphor †¦ is important enough to be marked, one might consider replacing the dead and alive contrast by a set of finer discriminations; hence, the following classification (ibid, p. 25): 1. extinct metaphors: expressions whose etymologies, genuine or fancied, suggest a metaphor beyond resuscitation (a muscle as a little mouse, musculus) 2. dormant metaphors: those expressions where the original, now usually unnoticed, metaphor can be usefully restored (obligation as involving some kind of bondage) 3.  active metaphors: those expressions, that are, and are perceived to be, actively metaphoric He continues further to discriminate between two types of active metaphor: an emphatic metaphor whose producer will allow no variation upon or substitute for the words used, and a resonant metaphor, which supports a high degree of implicative elaboration (ibid, p. 26). On this account, he calls a metaphor of marked emphasis and resonance a strong metaphor, and in contrast, a metaphor of relatively low emphasis or resonance a weak metaphor. Lakoff (1977) made a revolutionary contribution to the study of metaphors when he suggested a new theory of metaphor which basically stated that metaphors are fundamentally conceptual, not linguistic, in nature (Lakoff, in Ortony, 1993, p. 244), which resulted in the advent of the conceptual or cognitive theory of metaphor. In his proposal of the theory, he does not provide us with any specific classification for metaphors, but rather, he only refers to them in his writings as he explains and elaborates on the theory. He states that conceptual metaphors map one conceptual domain onto another (ibid, p.  229). On the other hand, the novel metaphors of a language are, except for image metaphors, extensions of this large conventional system (ibid, p. 240). Therefore, it can be implied that he believes most metaphors to be conceptual metaphors and some others to be novel metaphors under which image metaphors are subcategorized. However, more than twenty years after Blacks declaration of his standpoint on the categorization of metaphors, Newmark (1988b) was still a faithful believer in the dead/live metaphor classification, as he distinguishes six types of metaphors, beginning with dead metaphors: 1.dead metaphor: this type of metaphor frequently relates to universal terms of space and time, the main part of the body, general ecological features and the main human activities (ibid, p. 106). Dead metaphors have lost their figurative value through overuse and their images are hardly evident. Some examples of a dead metaphor include at the bottom of the hill, face of the mountains, and crown of glory. 2. cliche metaphor: this type of metaphor is known to have outlived its usefulness, and is used as a substitute for clear thought, often emotively, but without corresponding to the facts of the matter (ibid, p.107). Some examples include a jewel in the crown, to make ones mark, and backwater. 3. stock or standard metaphor: this type of metaphor is defined by Newmark (1988b, p. 108) as an established metaphor, which in an informal context is an efficient and concise method of covering a physical and/or mental situation both referentially and pragmatically. He also states that stock metaphors, in contrast to dead metaphors, are not deadened by overuse (ibid). Examples of this type also mentioned by Newmark are: to oil the wheels, hes in a giving humour, and hes on the eve of getting married. 4. adapted metaphor: this type of metaphor is actually a stock metaphor that has been adapted into a new context by its speaker or writer, for example, the stock metaphor carrying coals to Newcastle can be turned into an adapted metaphor by saying almost carrying coals to Newcastle. 5. recent metaphor: this type of metaphor is produced through coining and is spread in the SL rapidly. Examples of this kind are spastic, meaning stupid, and skint, meaning without money. 6.original metaphor: this type of metaphor is created or quoted by the SL writer, and in the broadest sense, contains the core of an important writers message, his personality, his comment on life (ibid, p. 112). 2. 3. Identifying Metaphors The recognition of a metaphor in a certain text or speech may be rather easy for native speakers, but when it comes to a non-native, the challenge begins. The supposition that an expression is a metaphor when it yields a false or absurd meaning when interpreted literally is not reliable because not all metaphors have false literal interpretations (Way, 1991, p.14). This unreliability is proven by Way when she exemplifies through the following lyrics of a song: A rock feels no pain, and an island never cries. This statement is a metaphor, but it is also literally true; rocks do not feel pain, and islands are not the kind of things that can cry (ibid). But how do we identify it as a metaphor, even when the literal meaning seems true? Way (1991, p. 14) explains: Perhaps because, while not actually false, talking about rocks feeling pain and islands crying is certainly a peculiar combination; maybe we can identify metaphors by their odd juxtaposition of ideas. A more classical way of identifying metaphors, which again is not reliable, is the form x is a y. Although many metaphors do take this form, many more do not. As Way exemplifies through Shakespeares Let slip the dogs of war, she states that although this is clearly a metaphor, but it does not fit the form of x is a y, for we are not comparing dogs to war, but rather to armies, something which is never explicitly mentioned in the phrase (ibid, p. 15). She goes on to explain that even the syntactic structure of a metaphor can not be proof of its essence, as it has no consistent syntactic form. She provides an example by Saskice, where it is shown how one metaphor can be rephrased as a statement, a question or an exclamation (ibid): The moonlight sleeps sweetly upon the bank. Does the moonlight sleep sweetly upon the bank? How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon the bank! She also mentions that a metaphors focus can be of any part of speech. In the following examples by Saskice provided by Way (1991, p. 15), it is stated that the focus is first a verb, then a noun, and finally a participle: The smoke danced from the chimney. The trees bowed in the dance of the seasons. Dancing waters surrounded the canoe. According to all the above, there is no reliable method for identifying a metaphor. The more we strive to analyze a metaphor, the more we understand that its creation and comprehension are challenging tasks, specifically for the non-native speaker. 2. 4. Translating Metaphors Newmark (1988b) proposes the following seven strategies for translating metaphors; the examples included for each strategy are provided by Tajalli (2005, p. 107): 1. Reproducing the same image in the TL. Play with someones feelings 2. Replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image which does not clash with the TL culture I got it off my chest 3. Translation of metaphor by simile, retaining the image The coast was only a long green line 4. Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense, or occasionally metaphor plus sense He is an owl 5. Conversion of metaphor to sense To keep the pot boiling 6. Deletion. If the metaphor is redundant or serves no practical purpose, there is a case for its deletion, together with its sense component 7. Translation of metaphor by the same metaphor combined with sense. The addition of a gloss or an explanation by the translator is to ensure that the metaphor will be understood The tongue is fire . 2. 5. Image Metaphors of Color As mentioned earlier, image metaphor is a subcategory of Lakoffs novel metaphor. He distinguishes between conceptual metaphor and image metaphor due to their distinct mapping processes. The conceptual metaphor maps one conceptual domain onto another, often with many concepts in the source domain mapped onto many corresponding concepts in the target domain, whereas the image metaphor maps only one image onto one other image; thus, Lakoff (1977) calls them one-shot metaphors. The following poem, interpreted by Louis Watchman (as cited in Ortony, 1993, p. 231), contains several image mappings: My horse with a hoof like a striped agate, with his fetlock like a fine eagle plume: my horse whose legs are like quick lightning whose body is an eagle-plumed arrow: my horse whose tail is like a trailing black cloud. He continues by explaining that Metaphoric image mappings work in the same way as all other metaphoric mappings: by mapping the structure of one domain onto the structure of another. But here, the domains are conventional mental images (ibid, p. 229). Therefore, image metaphors map one attribute of the source domain onto the target domain. Image mapping may involve physical part-whole relationships, as in the following example extracted from The Descriptions of King Lent, translated by J.M. Cohen (ibid, p. 230): His toes were like the keyboard of a spinet. Lakoff explains that The words do not tell us that an individual toe corresponds to an individual key on the keyboard. The words are prompts for us to perform a conceptual mapping between conventional mental images (ibid). Image mapping may also involve a dynamic image, as in the following lines by Shakespeare (as cited in Hawkes, 1972, p. 46), where the movement of the curtains is mapped onto the movement of the eye: The fringed curtains of thine eye advance,  And say what thou sees yond. Other attributes, such as colors, may also be mapped, which are the main focus of the present study. The following lines by Shakespeare (ibid, p. 47) map the whiteness of the lily and also ivory onto the girl: Full gently now she takes him by the hand, A lily prisond in a gaol of snow, Or ivory in an alabaster band: So white a friend engirts so white a foe. There are many examples of image metaphors of color in the Shahnameh, where the attribute of color has been mapped onto the target domain. The following translation of a couplet in the Shahnameh, produced by Warner Warner, contains four image metaphors (of which two are similes), but only in two of them is the attribute of color intended to be mapped; the whiteness of camphor is mapped onto the characters hair, and the redness of a rose onto his cheeks: His stature cypress-like, his face a sun, His hair like camphor and his rose-red cheeks (Warner and Warner, 1925, vol. 1, p. 191) Also in the following example from the Shahnameh, Davis has compared blood to the redness of wine in this metaphor, even including the sense. But here, the metaphor has been applied simply as a device for making the text more poetic, as Way (1991, p. 33) discussed about the substitution theory of metaphor. He saw Sohrab in the midst of the Persian ranks, the ground beneath his feet awash with wine-red blood. (Davis, p. 205) 2. 6. Formal and Dynamic Equivalence Nida (1964) divides equivalence in two different types in his article entitled Principles of Correspondence, i. e. formal and dynamic equivalence. He depicts formal equivalence as a focus on the message, in both its formal aspects and its content. Thus, in a translation from poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept (Nida, in Venuti 2000, p. 129), the concern is formal equivalence. In this type of equivalence, the message produced in the TT should match the different elements of the ST as closely as possible. Nida further explains that a gloss translationtypifies formal equivalence. In this type of translation, he states, the translator attempts to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original (ibid). In order to be comprehensible, such a translation would require numerous footnotes (ibid). This structural equivalence seems to be rather identical to Larsonsmodified literal translation, where the translation is basically literal, but with modifications to the order and grammar of the ST, so as to produce acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language (Larson, 1984, p. 16). To a great extent, it also resembles Newmarks semantic translation, which he states, attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original (Newmark, 1988a, p.39). Dynamic equivalence, on the other hand, maintains that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message (Nida, in Venuti 2000, p. 129). In a translation of dynamic equivalence, the target readership is not necessarily required to understand the SL culture in order to understand the message. Most importantly, this type of equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression (ibid) , and is also based on the principle of equivalent effect, which maintains that the translator should produce the same effect on his own readers as the SL author produced on the original readers. Similar to Nidas dynamic equivalence is the traditional idiomatic translationdiscussed in Larson (1984). The translators goal should be to reproduce in the receptor language a text which communicates the same message as the SL, but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language (ibid, p. 17). Also rather similar to this type of equivalence is Newmarks communicative translation, which he claims, attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original (Newmark, 1988a, p. 39). According to the above-mentioned, after comparing Warner Warners (1925) and Davis (2007) English translations of the Shahnameh with the original, it was concluded that the first translation is a semantic translation, while the second one is a communicative translation. Warner Warner have translated poetry into poetry and also strived at preserving the archaic tone of the original. Furthermore, they have indicated in their Introduction to the translation that many explanatory notes have been added; hence leading to a semantic translation. Davis, on the other hand, has converted poetry into prose, with occasional lines of verse in some episodes. He also explains in his Introduction to the translation that he has intended this translation for the general reader and not for scholars; thus his version is a communicative translation. 3. Empirical Data 3. 1. Data Collection and Analysis Thirty-three examples of image metaphors of color identified in theShahnameh were located in two English translations, i. e. Warner Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). It is worth noting that over forty-five metaphorical expressions of color were identified in the entire Shahnameh, but as Davis translation is not a complete translation, rather an abridged version, only thirty-three were applicable to this study. The first step in this procedure was to identify all terms/objects in theShahnameh that presented color imagery. This information was found in a list provided by Rastegar Fasaei (1990). Seventy-nine items were listed, but only thirty-three were applicable in this study, because the list was obviously not intended for metaphors of color, but rather a list indicatingterms that denote a color. Many of these terms were basic color terms, e. g. , which could not produce any potential metaphorical expression implying a color. They were mostly used in adjectival phrases describing a particular object or event. Therefore, all color terms were ruled out, as well as other terms which indicated some kind of brightness or shiny effect, e. g. the expression , in which the metaphor implies that the sword is very shiny. Unfortunately, approximately eighteen of the items in this list were of this kind, representing brightness of an object, colors of the air, and colors of the earth, of which the latter two seemed ambiguous and impracticable for this study. As mentioned earlier, the translation by Davis is not a complete translation of the wholeShahnameh, as many episodes have been omitted. Therefore, several of the items in the list have occurred only in the sections not translated by Davis; hence, deleting them from the list was inevitable. Many of the terms in the list, unfortunately again, were observed only in the form of similes, and not metaphors; therefore, they could not be applied either. After settling on these thirty-three items, they were sought in aShahnameh software, in order to locate the couplets which contained these terms. The next step was to review each couplet to see which one had an image metaphor of color created with that specific term. For some terms, the frequency of occurrence was very high, e. g. approximately 400 couplets, which caused some difficulties in terms of being highly time-consuming. A minimum of one couplet carrying an image metaphor of color was chosen for each of the thirty-three instances via the Shahnamehsoftware. These examples were then initially located in the translation by Davis, as his is an abridged translation. Regarding this, he states in the Introduction to his book: Given the poems immense length, some passages have inevitably been omitted, and others are presented in summary form (Davis, 2007, xxxiv). After determining which of the examples were included in Davis translation, one couplet was eventually chosen for each instance, and then the corresponding expression was located in Warner Warners translation. So far, there were thirty-three Persian examples of image metaphors of color, along with their corresponding expressions in the two English translations. These were the steps taken in the data collection stage. The next step was to analyze the collected data, which included determining the translation procedures involved in each of the two translations. The framework applied was Newmarks (1988b) seven procedures introduced for translating metaphors. The goal here was not just determining which translator applied which procedure(s) and the frequency of each procedure, but also finding out whether any new procedures were applied other than Newmarks. The study also aimed atdiscovering any possible translation patterns exclusive to each translator. The following three examples were selected as representatives of the collected data in this study. (?. – ?) The night was like jet dipped in pitch, there lent No planet luster to the firmament (Warner Warner, vol. 3, p. 287) A night as black as coal bedaubed with pitch, A night of ebony, a night on which Mars, Mercury, and Saturn would not rise. (Davis, p. 306) In this ST context, the poet has depicted the scene as though the night has actually covered its face with pitch. Both translators have reproduced the same image in their TTs, thus likening the night to a black stone ( ) that has washed its exterior with pitch. (?. – ) Raised such a dust! But swift as dust they sped Till days cheeks turned to lapis-lazuli. (Warner Warner, vol. 7, p. 67) They rode quickly until the day turned purple with dusk. (Davis, p. 642) The definition provided for is a dark blue stone; its translation by Emami is lapis-lazuli, azure. Britannicas online dictionary definition forlapis-lazuli is a semiprecious stone valued for its deep blue color. Therefore, the first translator has again reproduced the same image through the same metaphor. The second translator, however, has converted the metaphor to its sense, i. e. the color it represents. ? ? (?. – ) This he said, And heaved a sigh. The colour of his cheek Turned from pomegranate-bloom to fenugreek (Warner Warner, vol. 6, p. 25) Having said this he heaved a sigh from the depths of his being, and the rosy pomegranate petal turned as pale as fenugreek. (Davis, p. 455) The mental image of this ST metaphor is mapped onto the kings face, describing the change of color in his complexion. The first translator has interestingly enough converted the metaphor to its sense, which seems rather a rare procedure for a semantic translation. The second translator, however, has reproduced the same image in TT2. 3. 2. Discussion Thirty-three cases of image metaphors of color were identified in theShahnameh and then located in two English translations, i. e. Warner Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). Afterwards, the procedures applied by each translator in rendering these thirty-three items were identified. The framework chosen was that of Newmarks (1988a). The analysis of the data showed that Warner and Warner applied five of Newmarks suggested procedures in translating the specified image metaphors of color. They also presented two cases of wrong translation. In the following table, the procedures applied by Warner Warner in translating the thirty-three image metaphors of color identified in this study and their frequency of occurrence, along with the corresponding percentages are shown. Table 4. 1. Frequency and percentage of procedures applied by Warner Warner Procedure| Frequency| Percentage| Reproducing the same image in the TL| 23| 69. 69| Replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image| 3| 9. 09| Translation of metaphor by simile, retaining the image| 1| 3. 03| Translation of metaphor by simile plus sense| 0| 0|. Conversion of metaphor to sense| 3| 9. 09| Deletion| 0| 0| Translation of metaphor by the same metaphor plus sense| 1| 3. 03| Wrong translation| 2| 6. 06| Total| 33| 100| As evident in this table, Warner Warner have neither translated any metaphors by simile plus sense, nor deleted any metaphor. The most frequently applied procedure in their translations was the reproduction of the same image in the TL. The translation of the Shahnameh produced by Warner Warner is a semantic translation, which clearly proves the reason as to why their most frequently applied procedure is the one mentioned above. A semantic translation attempts to recreate the precise flavor and tone of the original: the words are sacred, not because they are more important than the content, but because form and content are one (Newmark, 1988a, p. 47). The analysis of the data also shows that Davis has applied all seven procedures introduced by Newmark in translating these items. There was no evidence of any wrong translation. The following table presents the frequency of each procedure which was applied and also their percentages. Table 4. 2. Frequency and percentage of procedures applied by Davis Procedure| Frequency| Percentage|. Reproducing the same image in the TL| 12| 36. 36| Replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image| 3| 9. 09| Translation of metaphor by simile, retaining the image| 3| 9. 09| Translation of metaphor by simile plus sense| 2| 6. 06| Conversion of metaphor to sense| 6| 18. 18| Deletion| 2| 6. 06| Translation of metaphor by the same metaphor plus sense| 5| 15. 15| Total| 33| 100| As indicated in the table, the most frequently used procedure by Davis is also the reproduction of the same image in the TL. He has opted for deletion of the image metaphor of color in two cases. In one of the two cases, his deletion seems to serve the purpose of a more easy-going, reader-friendly text (where the metaphoric elements seem complex or far-fetched to the target audience), whereas in the other case, his deletion seems somehow arbitrary or unjustifiable. The following table compares the two translations in terms of the percentage of procedures applied. P1 through P7 are the seven translation procedures involved in this study, also indicated in the previous table, and WT stands for wrong translation. Table 4. 3. Percentage of the procedures applied by both translators | P1| P2| P3| P4| P5| P6| P7| WT| Total %| W. W. | 69. 69| 9. 09| 3. 03| 0| 9. 09| 0| 3. 03| 6. 06| 100| Davis| 36. 36| 9. 09| 9. 09| 6. 06| 18. 18| 6. 06| 15. 15| 0| 100| 4. Conclusion Thirty-three cases of image metaphors of color were extracted from theShahnameh and relocated in two English translations, i. e. Warner Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). The main objective of the study was to determine which translation procedures introduced by Newmark (1988a) for translating metaphors in general were applied by the two above mentioned translators. According to the collected and analyzed data, Warner Warner applied five of Newmarks suggested procedures. The two procedures they did not apply at all were deletion and translation of metaphor by simile plus sense. The figures indicated that approximately 70% of the thirty-three cases had undergone Newmarks first procedure, i. e. reproducing the same image in the TL, which was also considered the most frequently used procedure by Warner Warner. This is a verification that their translation is indeed a semantic translation, as the objective in this type of translation is to recreate the ST, both its form and its content. This occurs to a great extent through literal/word-for-word translation, which is rather similar to the above- mentioned procedure. Davis, on the other hand, applied all seven of Newmarks procedures in his translation of image metaphors of color. The most frequently used procedure was again, a reproduction of the same image in the TL (36%). The second aim was to determine whether any new procedures for translating image metaphors of color other than those proposed by Newmark for translating metaphors resulted from this study.

She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver Goldsmith

She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first performance of his play She Stoops to Conquer on March 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Conquer was popular throughout England and its popularity even spread to the then still young, America. Before its debut, Goldsmith took great pains in choosing the right title for his play. Some of the titles that he rejected were The Old House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the Night (which became its subtitle), and The Belle's Stratagem (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this comedy was such a hit was its departure from the high minded, more dramatic comedy of the day. Though the play does not rely solely on slapstick comedy, some of its best scenes are farcical. The play itself has been called a "laughing comedy" and many of the best comic moments are still as funny today as they were over 200 years ago (Danziger 57). Tying with Dryden's Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most entertaining eighteenth-century play that I have read to date. The plot concerns the "Mistakes of the Night" and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The story centers on Charles Marlow and George Hasting's attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a practical joke played by Kate's stepbrother results in cases of mistaken identity, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain stupidity that almost ruin two pending marriages. Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the twentieth century. Mr. Hardcastle's concern with his daughter's dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a father not wanting his little girl to start wearing makeup and high heels... ...es common comic tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane. It is perfectly understandable that this comedy is still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite frequently in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed while in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. I'm sure that it is even more amusing on stage than it is on paper. Casts Lists: original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent Garden October 3, 1775, Drury Lane Works Cited Danziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978 Ferguson, Oliver W. "Kate's Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer." Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research. Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago, 1991 She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver Goldsmith She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first performance of his play She Stoops to Conquer on March 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Conquer was popular throughout England and its popularity even spread to the then still young, America. Before its debut, Goldsmith took great pains in choosing the right title for his play. Some of the titles that he rejected were The Old House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the Night (which became its subtitle), and The Belle's Stratagem (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this comedy was such a hit was its departure from the high minded, more dramatic comedy of the day. Though the play does not rely solely on slapstick comedy, some of its best scenes are farcical. The play itself has been called a "laughing comedy" and many of the best comic moments are still as funny today as they were over 200 years ago (Danziger 57). Tying with Dryden's Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most entertaining eighteenth-century play that I have read to date. The plot concerns the "Mistakes of the Night" and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The story centers on Charles Marlow and George Hasting's attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a practical joke played by Kate's stepbrother results in cases of mistaken identity, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain stupidity that almost ruin two pending marriages. Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the twentieth century. Mr. Hardcastle's concern with his daughter's dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a father not wanting his little girl to start wearing makeup and high heels... ...es common comic tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane. It is perfectly understandable that this comedy is still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite frequently in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed while in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. I'm sure that it is even more amusing on stage than it is on paper. Casts Lists: original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent Garden October 3, 1775, Drury Lane Works Cited Danziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978 Ferguson, Oliver W. "Kate's Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer." Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research. Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago, 1991

Father-son Relationships and Conflicts in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Father-son Relationships and Conflicts in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman In many literary works, family relationships are the key to the plot. Through a family’s interaction with one another, the reader is able decipher the conflicts of the story. Within a literary family, various characters play different roles in each other’s lives. These are usually people that are emotionally and physically connected in one way or another. They can be brother and sister, mother and daughter, or in this case, father and son. In the Arthur Miller’s novel, Death of A Salesman, the interaction between Willy Loman and his sons, Happy and Biff, allows Miller to comment on father-son relationships and the conflicts that arise from them. Â  During most father-son relationships, there are certain times where the father wants to become more of a "player" in his son’s life than his son believes is necessary. The reasons for this are numerous and can be demonstrated in different ways. Miller is able to give an example of this behavior through the actions of Willy Loman. When Biff comes home to recollect himself, Willy perceives it as failure. Since Willy desperately wants his oldest son, Biff, to succeed in every way possible, he tries to take matters into his own hands. "I’ll get him a job selling. He could be big in no time" (16). The reason that Biff came home is to find out what he wants in life. Because Willy gets in the way, matters become more complicated. Partly due to Willy’s persistence in Biff’s life, they have conflicting ideas as to what the American dream is. Willy believes that working on the road by selling is the greatest job a man could have (81). Biff, however, feels the mo st inspiring job a man could have is working outdoors (22). When their two dreams collide, it becomes frustrating to Willy because he believes that his way is the right way. If a father becomes too involved in his son’s life, Miller believes friction will be the resultant factor. As unfortunate as it is, there are many instances where a father favors one son over another, which leads to social conflicts within the less-favored son. In most cases it is the oldest son that is being favored while the younger son is ignored. Usually the father doesn’t even realize what is happening. He simply gets too caught up in the successes of his eldest son and he may even try to live out his life through his son’s experiences.

Business Environment and Its Impact on Premier Food

The peripheral environment includes of different kinds of aspects out of the company doors that typically onto have much control over. Managing the strengths of internal operations and recognizing potential opportunities and threats outside of company's operations are keys to business success. Premier Food is one the famous and largest retailer in UK which is primarily renowned for food manufacturing. Premier Food is well managed in its internal and external factors which lead them to progress successfully.TASK 1 I(a) Purpose of Different types Of Organization Premier Foods Premier Foods produces a range of own-label products across many food categories. Premises major markets are the United Kingdom's biggest food tillers, wholesalers and convenience stores, and food manufacturers. They have a crystal clear defined plan of merging reflected in the recent addition of the premier product like Ox, Botchers and Homicide. Their expertise passes over in a wide range of food and drink secto rs, and reputation of their comprehensive range means that they have an annual group turnover of over IEEE million.By owning some of the Auk's most recognized food brands, they additionally manufacture hundreds of products that cater for the food accommodation industry and are introduced to supply retailer branded food product to the Auk's popular food retailers. Avoidance It is a major international telecommunication corporation with coverage in 29 countries and partnership contact with a further 42 countries including Safari in Kenya. It has almost 75,000 workers in all over the world and in 2014 had more than 295 million clients. In the UK, almost 25 million people are using Avoidance services for communication.Avoidance's goal is ‘to be the world's telecommunication leader and a key element of this is to build a good relationship with the customer by trust and admiration. The company ensures this by taking a relevant step by which they are contending their equines in all o ver the world. By taking this type of approach they increase its reputation and builds customer loyalty. Its corporate techniques and its Corporate Responsibility (CRY) techniques are internally linked. Avoidance be certain of their long-term retailing achievement emanate from contemning business in an imperishable way. (b) Central economy VS. Market economy In market economy, market prefers mutually beneficial exchange between producer and consumer and system that rely on markets. That means what to produce determined by consumer, how to produce is determined by the reducer and who gets the products depends in the purchasing power of the consumer. On the other hand, in central economy the production of goods and services is undertaken by state-owned enterprises. That means an economic system in which decisions are taken by the government rather than by the interaction between consumers and businesses.Both this system generally used to prevent economic problem. In market economy the price Of the product is always fluctuating. As a result sometimes it's very hard to grab the customer in one product. Also there have some opportunity for the producer like a great revenue opportunity. On the basis of the physical and tactical position both premier food and Avoidance can survive on that following economic decision. But as premier food is a food manufacturer, they are very flexible in central economy rather than market economy because the coordination of scarce resources at times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster.Free markets also fail at times to allocate resources efficiently, so remedies often involve the allocation of resources by government to compensate for these failures. As for Avoidance, they can survive in both economic systems. 1 (C) Identify Reasons Of stable demand Of rimier food The strategy of Premier food is very simple. They produce safe and reliable food that give the customer satisfaction and produce a great variety of product that give s opportunity to the customer to taste different flavor. That's why consumer always attracted to the company's product. Over the last 1 0 years company expand its business globally.They did an agreement with the Gores group to improve their operational infrastructure and to upgrade their technology. As a result they are now manufacturing more foods effectively and ensuring more safety measure to the food's safety. Also recently they are selected a telecommunication provider AVOIDANCE to provide integrated communication. So that its gives the company to boost their marketing strategy. So on my perspective; think Company's customer environment is better than 10 years ago. I(d) Objective of the different Stockholders Premier food is the largest food manufacturing company in ASK.So they are greatly affected by their stakeholder like customer, employees, government, community, owner etc. The customer of premier is always seeking for safe and reliable product and value for money. The empl oyees of the company ho give their best to make the business successful want job security, job satisfaction. Company must ensure that want to give better service to the consumer. The government manages the economy so company must give them Taxes and ensuring new job opportunities. 1 (E) Responsibilities to the Stakeholders Premier food is maintaining a good relation with the consumer.As a result they are now able to find out the solution of relevant problem very effectively. Company offers a great Variety of product which give opportunity to the customer to taste different product. Employees are the major element of the company. So company gives them proper satisfaction by paying them properly and ensuring a great job environment. Premier foods audit their financial statement time o time. This will make the government to feel that they are following their rules and regulations. Moreover they are paying taxes properly.TASK 2 2(a) PESTLE Analysis political UK Government is very much c oncern about the condition and derivation of the food people eat. They also want to make sure that food is originated in very ethical way, with give attention in the environment, which is generally accepted welfare standards are practiced. As per government policy Premier Food Continued commitment to ELK sourcing such as Hoops bread made from flour 100% garnered in the I-J. Premier Food always maintain a strong food Safety unit to check the food that produced by them. Economic In the world, the United Kingdom has one of the paced increasing food and drink markets.Only the food and drink category achieves sales and paramount magnification areas lie in value integrated products I. E. Ready foods or Non-European prescription. Premier foods presumed that the UK cuisine market is extremely competitive, ‘inductively authorizing consistent product origin and dependable supplier whilst finding more competitive racing and innovative incipient products'. On that purpose Premier Foods ma ke an agreement with an private investment firm named Gores Group trading as Hoops Ltd that help them to introduce new technology to smooth transition.Social Over the year premier Foods made further significant progress in their four major Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) sector of retail place, Environment, Workplace and Community involvement. They also gives bolster to local charitable party in a regular period and motivates their workers to organize various activity and grow money to support in the good causes near o where they work such as Employees raised a fantastic IEEE,OHO for corporate charity partner ‘Cancer Research KICK'. Technological To build new technology, Premier foods make an agreement with the Gores Group that help them to smooth Transition.Legal Premier foods operate in an industry where it is very difficult to have a product that is different to its competitors, when they do release a product with an innovative capability it is vital to protect the r ights to it through patents, copyright, trademarks or design to ensure they are not â€Å"stolen† by their competitors. Not only are competitors a threat of intellectual, but Premier food must ensure they do not fall victim to counterfeiters. Environmental The company started to give five star environmental awards to their entire production site in 2009 in order to maintaining the environment from any kind of disaster.The scheme is a benchmark ascertaining ‘energy utilization, waste, dehydrogenate monoxide utilization and carbon dioxide emissions are meticulously monitored. They also use unfriendly machine and work environment which has a adverse effect on polluting environment. They always try to maintain CEO friendly Environment. 2(B) How following factors Effect premier Foods Unemployment Rate: unemployment denotes being fired from the firm or corporation or positions where the people want to work in affirm or company but retain none. Unemployment is one of the most paramount macroeconomic be speaker to quantify the efficiency of an economy.If one person fired from his job then one person is less from the economy who will not pay state and federal income taxes, one fewer individual who will not able to pay additional retail tax income as a work less worker will fixating on curtail on their dispensable additional spending due to less expandable income and very much worried bout further economical security. As a food manufacturer, it will effect on their selling. ICP inflation For the day to day consumer, it means prices for things go up. But, if the ICP is rising quicker than people average wages, then the consumer's purchasing power declines.They can't buy as much as whatever it is as they did in the past. So it has great effect on Premier Foods. Interest Rate Interest rates are a quotidian element of business.. Companies focus exuberance on money they scrounge, and when they have adventitious money, they apprehend ebullience when they ascertai n that cash in a secure investment. Companies additionally complaint enthusiasm when the company's consumers purchase goods and accommodations on credit. A elevates or reduction in enthusiasms returns have a great effect on this business performance as well as the purchasing style of the company's consumers.As premier food is a very big manufacturing organization so they also need to get loan from the financial institution. As a result this factor has a great impact on the Premier food. Exchange rates Exchange rate is an important tool in international trade. Without this, it is not possible to trade. If the Premier's goods become expensive in other countries cause of international trade then those foreigners will not purchase those goods. RIP Inflation: Retail price index measures the change in the cost of a basket of retail goods and services.So if the index shows high rate then it will create great effect on company's price of the product. If the price of the product increases th en the customer may not give attraction to the product. So it's necessary to control the RIP inflation. 2(C) Indication of social and cultural factors affecting consumers which lie behind Premier Foods Premier Foods have 30 food manufacturing sites, 12 distribution depots and flour mills across the United Kingdom, working almost 19,000 people. Many of their production areas have a long past with a intense relationship with their local neighborhood.For example, Ambrosia has been making popular dairy-based products, at the same site in Devon, since it was established in 1917. The Creamery began with only a dozen Staff and now employs 270 local people; over its 93 year history, generations of families have worked at the production areas. Each of their sites has a neighborhood winner who along with their working partner determines which local charities and movements o get presuppose with and support. In December 201 1, the agreement with CRUD, a charitable organization is come to end.Th e partnership with CRUD is recognized in a great accomplishment, the company's entire worker did a hard work and activities for CRUD so much, and as consequence of the employee's activities they raised IEEE,OHO against an initial target to raise IEEE,OHO. At the end of 2010, they again asked all their employees to nominate their preferred charity partner for 2011 and 2012. The charity with most votes was â€Å"Help for Heroes†. Although company Specialized with various mind of brands like OX, Quern , Hoops, Botchers and Brannon Pickle which make them power brand of the country.For that following reasons Premier foods now recognized as both power and support Brands. 2(D) Choosing the Right Strategy Premier Foods now established as UK leading food manufacturer, specializing in many consumer brand product like OX, Quern, Hoops, Botchers and Brannon Pickle. It is predicted that 99% of UK population buy at least one premier product in each year. Their employee's efficiency and man agement skill and adopting new technology increases the production, its quality and ells. In recent strategy change they linked with Avoidance which help to boost in their marketing support.So in this prospect they have to expand their business in different European country. As a result they can use different environmental advantage to boost their production and cutting marginal cost. So on my perspective; they need to concentrate on expansion. Task 3 3(a) Significance of International Trade International trade is mutually beneficial for two countries. It is important for the I-J so that it can maintain its economics strengths and improve in an increasingly competitive global economy. There are many important elements that are important about international trade, economic strengths and global markets.Without international trade business would not be as profitable and economies would suffer. If UK leaves IF, then it will create a great impact on economy. If UK based company had to on ly retail and trade their manufacturing item internally, never retailing or presuming their items to customer in another marketplace or countries, the government of the country would completely restricted Its percept. They may earn a steady trade from UK customer, but they wouldn't be prosperous to increment as much as if the many retailed with ten other countries realtor. Additionally it withal engender a disadvantage for the company.EX. is a free traded area where products are able to move independently with no border maintenance and no import VAT and obligations. On the other hand, Business like premier Food has to give additional cost for import goods or raw material. So, it will be a bad news for Premier Food. 3(b) Impact of global factor in UK business Premier food and Avoidance, both have face loss if UK leaves EX.. They have to cost more money than before to continue their business in EX.. They are not blew to do their activities independently with no border maintenance and no import VAT and obligation in all EX. country.Avoidance is more lose than Premier Food because they spread their business in most of the EX. country. For this decision they have pay more money and as a result it will create a great impact on their consumer mobile billing system which is not so good for the company. 3(C) Impact of EX. policy in LIKE UK economy is greatly influenced by the ELI membership in a number of ways. One of the most important effects rise through the Single Market, the element of economic integration through which the Else's ‘four freedoms' are established. EX. has a great combination in their policy which affects the other policy too.The EX. maintain a great relationship with other countries outside the community to negotiate retail and to make investment and the competence is a man made community with a general peripheral tax on imported products. This relationship thus contributes a deep affects the Auk's trade relations with non-E members. An expan ded EX. creates new markets for the UK exports. It allows the I-J firms to enjoy the benefits of economies of scale and so gain from trade. New markets for UK exports and increased intention from new member's countries should increase dynamic efficiency.The UK firms like Avoidance and Premier food in the traded goods and service sectors will be forced to improve their competitiveness. The UK will have a good trade relation with other countries. There will be a trade creation. Conclusion From the above observations premier Food have to monitor some important issue. Premier food is a Food manufacturing company beside that is a listed company in the London Stock Exchange. They started from a small scale but now reached the global arena. They should be more attentive to meet the objectives of its stakeholders.

Story of the Trojan War essays

Story of the Trojan War essays Most information that the world has today that deals with the history of ancient Greece are in the literature from the time. Great epics such as the Iliad and the Odyssey, from the unknown poet Homer, make up most of the literature that has ever been found from this era. The problem with getting our history from literary sources is that when Homer first recited his Iliad he was actually trying to entertain, so all of the information might not be accurate, although based on actual events. Also, in the Greek culture, it was common to allow the credit for certain kinds of deeds to go to their gods or goddesses, which today's historians just suppose to be allegorical references. But, if the gods or goddesses do not exist, then how did the Trojan War start in the first place? The story that most people know as to what started the war is a myth involving the goddesses and what archeologists have so far found; no one is exactly sure what started the war. First, the Greek myth that most people have given credit for the history of how the Trojan War started: A sea nymph, Thetis, was getting married to Peleus, a mortal. All of the gods and goddesses were invited to this great wedding, except Eris, a rather unpopular goddess. When Eris discovered that there was a wedding going on that she had not been invited to she decided to get back at all who went. She decided to roll an apple into the reception of the wedding, but she put an inscription on the apple that intended it for the most beautiful goddess at the wedding. When the apple rolled in and the inscription was read Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite all felt that she, respectively, was the most beautiful and should get the apple. All three goddesses begged of the gathered gods to choose, but all of the gods ref used to make an enemy of the other two that he did not choose. So finally, someone suggested that the three goddesses should let a mortal choose; Priam's son, Paris, was designated to cho...

Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Horatio Nelson Battle of Cape St. Vincent

Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Horatio Nelson Battle of Cape St. Vincent Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Conflict Date: The Battle of Cape St. Vincent was fought during the Wars of the French Revolution (1792-1802). Jervis won his victory on February 14, 1797. Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Fleets Admirals: British Admiral Sir John JervisCommodore Horatio Nelson15 ships of the line Spanish Don Josà © de Cordà ³ba27 ships of the line Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Background: In late 1796, the military situation ashore in Italy led to the Royal Navy being compelled to abandon the Mediterranean. Shifting his principal base to the Tagus River, the commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Sir John Jervis instructed Commodore Horatio Nelson to oversee the final aspects of the evacuation. With the British withdrawing, Admiral Don Josà © de Cà ³rdoba elected to move his fleet of 27 ships of the line from Cartagena through the Straits of Gibraltar to Cadiz in preparation for joining with the French at Brest. As Cà ³rdobas ships got underway, Jervis was departing the Tagus with 10 ships of the line to take up a position off Cape St. Vincent. Having left Cartagena on February 1, 1797, Cà ³rdoba encountered a strong easterly wind, known as a Levanter, as his ships cleared the straits. As a result, his fleet was blown out into the Atlantic and forced to work their way back towards Cadiz. Six days later, Jervis was reinforced by Rear Admiral William Parker who brought five ships of the line from the Channel Fleet. His work in the Mediterranean completed, Nelson sailed aboard the frigate HMS Minerve to rejoin Jervis. Battle of Cape St. Vincent - The Spanish Found: On the night of February 11, Minerve encountered the Spanish fleet and successfully passed through it without being detected. Reaching Jervis, Nelson came aboard the flagship, HMS Victory (102 guns) and reported Cà ³rdobas position. While Nelson returned to HMS Captain (74), Jervis made preparations to intercept the Spanish. Through the fog on the night of February 13/14, the British began to hear the signal guns of the Spanish ships. Turning towards the noise, Jervis ordered his ships to prepare for action around dawn and stated, A victory to England is very essential at this moment. Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Jervis Attacks: As the fog began to lift, it became clear that the British were outnumbered nearly two-to-one. Unfazed by the odds, Jervis instructed his fleet to form a line of battle. As the British approached, the Spanish fleet was divided into two groups. The larger, consisting of 18 ships of the line, was to the west, while the smaller, made up of 9 ships of the line stood to the east. Seeking to maximize the firepower of his ships, Jervis intended to pass between the two Spanish formations. Led by Captain Thomas Troubridges HMS Culloden (74) Jervis line began to pass the western Spanish group. Though he had numbers, Cà ³rdoba directed his fleet to turn north to pass alongside the British and escape towards Cadiz. Seeing this, Jervis ordered Troubridge to tack to the north to pursue the larger body of Spanish ships. As the British fleet began to turn, several of its ships engaged the smaller Spanish squadron to the east. Turning to the north, the Jervis line soon formed a U as it changed course. Third from the end of the line, Nelson realized that the present situation would not produce the decisive battle that Jervis wanted as the British would be forced to chase the Spanish. Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Nelson Takes the Initiative: Liberally interpreting Jervis earlier order of Take suitable stations for mutual support and engage the enemy as coming up in succession, Nelson told Captain Ralph Miller to pull Captain out of line and wear ship. Passing through HMS Diadem (64) and Excellent (74), Captain charged into the Spanish vanguard and engaged Santà ­sima Trinidad (130). Though severely out-gunned, Captain battled six Spanish ships, including three that mounted over 100 guns. This bold move slowed the Spanish formation and allowed Culloden and subsequent British ships to catch up and join the fray. Charging forward, Culloden entered the fight around 1:30 PM, while Captain Cuthbert Collingwood led Excellent into the battle. The arrival of additional British ships prevented the Spanish from banding together and drew fire away from Captain. Pushing forward, Collingwood pummeled Salvator del Mundo (112) before compelling San Ysidro (74) to surrender. Aided by Diadem and Victory, Excellent returned to Salvator del Mundo and forced that ship to strike its colors. Around 3:00, Excellent opened fire on San Nicols (84) causing the Spanish ship to collide with San Josà © (112). Nearly out of control, the badly damaged Captain opened fire on the two fouled Spanish vessels before hooking onto San Nicols. Leading his men forward, Nelson boarded San Nicols and captured the vessel. While accepting its surrender, his men were fired upon by San Josà ©. Rallying his forces, Nelson surged aboard San Josà © and compelled its crew to surrender. While Nelson was accomplishing this amazing feat, Santà ­sima Trinidad had been forced to strike by the other British ships. At this point, Pelayo (74) and San Pablo (74) came to the flagships assistance. Bearing down on Diadem and Excellent, Captain Cayetano Valdà ©s of Pelayo ordered Santà ­sima Trinidad to re-hoist its colors or be treated as an enemy vessel. Doing so, Santà ­sima Trinidad limped away as the two Spanish ships provided cover. By 4:00, the fighting effectively ended as the Spanish retreated east while Jervis ordered his ships to cover the prizes Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Aftermath: The Battle of Cape St. Vincent resulted in the British capture of four Spanish ships of the line (San Nicols, San Josà ©, San Ysidro, and Salvator del Mundo) including two first-rates. In the fighting, Spanish losses numbered around 250 killed and 550 wounded, while Jervis fleet suffered 73 killed and 327 wounded. In reward for this stunning victory, Jervis was elevated to the peerage as Earl St. Vincent, while Nelson was promoted to rear admiral and made a knight in the Order of Bath. His tactic of boarding one Spanish ship to attack another was widely admired and for several years was known as Nelsons patent bridge for boarding enemy vessels. The victory at Cape St. Vincent led to a containment of the Spanish fleet and ultimately allowed Jervis to send a squadron back to the Mediterranean the following year. Led by Nelson, this fleet achieved a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of Cape St. VincentNapoleon Guide: Battle of Cape St. VincentHMS: Battle of Cape St. Vincent

Free Essays on The Guilded Age

The Steel Beneath the Gold â€Å"Gild’ed: To Make seem more attractive or valuable than it is† -Webster’s New World Dictionary Between the Civil War and the early 20th century, an era of growth, wealth, and power was born. In this era, the United States became an Industrial powerhouse amongst the world, becoming the most industrialized nation on the planet. The population had doubled within 30 years of fighting one of the most deadly battles of the country’s history. The level of technology had skyrocketed, and with technology, wealth is not far behind. Yet, alas, if only this wasn’t too-good-to-be-true. While the previous statements were in no way false, they are only half of the era’s characteristics. The United States became an industrial powerhouse through monopolization and weighted negotiations, so that eventually there would be one company left that controlled the usage/sales of a certain product throughout the entire country. The population had doubled within 30 years, driving many citizens out of business (farmers being the majority) and into either factory jobs with horrible c onditions, or no job at all, resulting in an unemployment rate rising almost as fast as the immigration rate. The level of technology had skyrocketed, leaving even more people without a job while being replaced with machines, yet in the meantime, the employers and factory owners get wealthier as they have less of a need for workers. At first glance, this era seems to be one of great prosperity, yet is obviously one of corruption and deceit if looked at more closely, resulting in the name of the Gilded Age. From the end of the Civil war to the end of the 19th century, the United States population had doubled due to the huge influx of immigrants, seeking a promising future in the â€Å"land of freedom†. Unfortunately, while every immigrant wanted a better life and would do almost anything to attain it, every immigrant wanted a bette... Free Essays on The Guilded Age Free Essays on The Guilded Age The Steel Beneath the Gold â€Å"Gild’ed: To Make seem more attractive or valuable than it is† -Webster’s New World Dictionary Between the Civil War and the early 20th century, an era of growth, wealth, and power was born. In this era, the United States became an Industrial powerhouse amongst the world, becoming the most industrialized nation on the planet. The population had doubled within 30 years of fighting one of the most deadly battles of the country’s history. The level of technology had skyrocketed, and with technology, wealth is not far behind. Yet, alas, if only this wasn’t too-good-to-be-true. While the previous statements were in no way false, they are only half of the era’s characteristics. The United States became an industrial powerhouse through monopolization and weighted negotiations, so that eventually there would be one company left that controlled the usage/sales of a certain product throughout the entire country. The population had doubled within 30 years, driving many citizens out of business (farmers being the majority) and into either factory jobs with horrible c onditions, or no job at all, resulting in an unemployment rate rising almost as fast as the immigration rate. The level of technology had skyrocketed, leaving even more people without a job while being replaced with machines, yet in the meantime, the employers and factory owners get wealthier as they have less of a need for workers. At first glance, this era seems to be one of great prosperity, yet is obviously one of corruption and deceit if looked at more closely, resulting in the name of the Gilded Age. From the end of the Civil war to the end of the 19th century, the United States population had doubled due to the huge influx of immigrants, seeking a promising future in the â€Å"land of freedom†. Unfortunately, while every immigrant wanted a better life and would do almost anything to attain it, every immigrant wanted a bette...

Land Grabbing in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Land Grabbing in Africa - Essay Example Land grabbing in East Africa causes imbalance between the efforts to build sustainable systems that comprehensively try to resolve land-related tensions and interests, as well as pursuits to economic development (Palmer, 2012). Due to this, Heads of States of Africa and Governments have adopted Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in East Africa. This is to inspire and prompt countries to develop land policies that take into account their particular needs. The presence of continental framework and guidelines and normative instruments like the 11 principles laid out on the Right to Food by the UN Special Rapporteur ensure economic development without weakening the development of any population group. The World Bank plays a greater role in the land grabbing in East Africa. It refers to the land grabbing as agro-investment and makes room for it by creating seven voluntary principles to make the practice of agro-investment responsible. All the seven principles are supposed to safeguard the East Africa’s land from being grabbed. However, this is just a mirage, for these principles are not adhered to, they are just there as beautifying statements. This, therefore, makes the transactions regarding land negative for both the buyer of the land and the seller. Wealthy States are the main causes of the increase in rural poverty that drives many people off the land that they have for generations farmed (Pearce, 2012). For example, there are major environmental and agricultural damage along River Niger caused by the International Land Coalition. This is a global network of civil society and farmers’ organization. Forestry and small scale farming that protects food, unique wildlife and heritage is slowly being converted to wastelands that only profit agribusinesses. Multinational companies in a greater number that vastly exceed the usage by the local communities are using natural resources. As a result, the land’s

Assertive Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Assertive Behavior - Essay Example At the end of the vignettes there is a compiled scenario with a response following it. This scenario is totally fictitious but is carried out to show a thorough comprehension of the material that has been studied. I have begun paying a lot more attention to my social atmosphere around me and have noticed many different traits in all people of all different ethnic classes and economic levels as well. I think what starts more conflicts than anything else in society is a misjudgment of people based on first impressions and it happens to be one of my own personal fears. People look at someone and judge them based on how they wear their hair, how they dress, how they speak, and even their body language. Many disagreements among people could be avoided if they only took the time to open their eyes and look beyond that first impression and get to know people for who they really are, not the superficial aspects of individuals. I personally have my own boundaries and there are certain actions and words that can make me snap and act out inappropriately just as anyone else does. Some of these are based on specific statements concerning race and economic position in society. I hate it when people think they are better than someone else simply because they can afford a better car, more expensive clothing, and larger home. Also, it makes me very angry when people judge someone based on their color or personal beliefs. Everyone is entitled to an opinion and it should be allowed freely and without worry of being ridiculed or beaten up because of it. Isolation is a great fear I have and I have a problem with discussing certain feelings I have because I feel I will then have to deal with ignorance and inappropriate attitudes for a long time that I won’t be able to avoid. This makes me snap very easily and I don’t like that but it is something that I don’t think I

Planning Science Lessons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Planning Science Lessons - Essay Example Students must also do the following: ".demonstrate an awareness of how scientific evidence is collected and are aware that scientific knowledge and theories can be changed by new evidence" "describe how and why decisions about uses of science are made in some familiar contexts" "demonstrate good understanding of the benefits and risks of scientific advances and identify ethical issues related to these." Students should be able to address these issues better if they are able to argue and support their points. While learning how to do this, students must be aware that their arguments must have a clear goal. Thus, the teachers need to make sure the students are taught how to approach this when doing argument lessons and combining them with science lessons. Using argument to teach science should also help to effectively stimulate the students since most students enjoy debating, and this enjoyment usually makes the learning much easier. Learning how to argue scientific concepts is an impo rtant concept for students to learn because science is based on facts; therefore, students must use facts to back up their arguments and prove their points. ... In order to stimulate thought-provoking questions that have to do with science, teachers need to make sure that they use open-ended questions or statements while allowing the students to interact in groups. Therefore, Shakespeare's book demonstrates fantastic concepts and lesson ideas that will help get students interested in learning about science, and to help them adequately learn science so that they can meet and pass expectations in the subject. The lesson plans and ideas offered help to stimulate student thought and critical thinking. In the researcher's opinion, this is a very effective book, and can greatly assist teachers with getting their students interested. Science has always rated as one of the more difficulty subjects for teachers to teach, simply because of lack of resources, and many times, because of lack of student interest. However, by using Shakespeare's approach of asking questions and getting the students ready to participate in a discussion by argument, it should be easier for the teacher to both capture and retain the attention of the students. This book is well formed and would help the UK science student gain a better understanding of the concepts of science t hrough critical thinking and argument. These lessons could truly help many UK secondary students prepare for the debates and other arguments that may come to light when they are in college. Thus, this practice will not only help to develop their understanding of science, but it will also help to develop their critical thinking skills. Rosalind Driver Rosalind Driver's book Making Sense of Secondary Science was inspired by the fact that she understood many students had a lack of understanding regarding the

Forumlaw3 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forumlaw3 - Article Example These seriously required services vary from housekeeping and friend mind to help with individual care such as bathing, tie up, toileting, and consumption. I selected this agency because it plays a definitely immense task filling gaps in residence concern services not sheltered below expert concern. Inexperienced house care services like individual care help or additional works such as catering and cleaning help is frequently what may be required by majority for them to stay in their homes (Davis, 1975). The type of disputes presented to the body includes denial of shelter or housing, and personal care such as provision of clean drinking water and garbage collection. The administrative dispute resolution process begins with the compliant presenting a written request to the department for it to evaluate the decision. The official demand must be faxed or emailed within thirty days after the no-medical house department had completed its inquiry. It is essential that the process of appeal begins only after a complaint makes an official request to the department to evaluate its decision or choice. Further, the resolution dispute process of the agency involves the use of trial-type hearing to decide facts in disputes between parties and it also uses formal adjudication in dispute resolution. This is what many in our society consider as the only or paramount way to resolve dispute (Davis, 1975). Matters can be brought to court instead of the agency when the topic is jurisdiction and there are only two kinds of suitcases thus cases that occur under a national law. Federal region judges have issue of authority if your case is based on any federal law or an issue of mixture citizenship. The matter can be brought to the court in case the parties involved are not willing to agree on a common stand. I agree with the sentiment that the administrative dispute resolution process starts with the compliant presenting a formal request to the department for it to

PMI and factors for problems solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PMI and factors for problems solving - Essay Example To solve this problem, PMI needs to address the basic issue of illegal selling and must attempt to make fundamental changes in the way it does its business. It is imperative that therefore the best solution for PMI would be to re-assess its selling strategy in order to align it with the market. Market trends are clearly showing a very diverging view as in comparison to PMI's current strategy therefore a complete revamp of its strategies including further refinements in its segmentation as well as supply chain management. This will allow PMI to be successful because it will re-focus its strategy on aligning it with external reality as well as it will allow PMI to further refine its internal strengths to meet external threats. From the facts provided in case study, it seems that eBay is battling on many grounds especially on ensuring secure, transparent and ethical trade. Since eBay is a unique business model where it earns its revenue by performing the role of an intermediary therefore it somehow kept itself protected from the disputes arising out due to fraudulent and illegal transactions using eBay as a channel. Since eBay has not transformed itself into a global company therefore the immediate groups of people who have a role to play as a response to eBay's problems are the buyers and sellers

Forumlaw3 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forumlaw3 - Article Example These seriously required services vary from housekeeping and friend mind to help with individual care such as bathing, tie up, toileting, and consumption. I selected this agency because it plays a definitely immense task filling gaps in residence concern services not sheltered below expert concern. Inexperienced house care services like individual care help or additional works such as catering and cleaning help is frequently what may be required by majority for them to stay in their homes (Davis, 1975). The type of disputes presented to the body includes denial of shelter or housing, and personal care such as provision of clean drinking water and garbage collection. The administrative dispute resolution process begins with the compliant presenting a written request to the department for it to evaluate the decision. The official demand must be faxed or emailed within thirty days after the no-medical house department had completed its inquiry. It is essential that the process of appeal begins only after a complaint makes an official request to the department to evaluate its decision or choice. Further, the resolution dispute process of the agency involves the use of trial-type hearing to decide facts in disputes between parties and it also uses formal adjudication in dispute resolution. This is what many in our society consider as the only or paramount way to resolve dispute (Davis, 1975). Matters can be brought to court instead of the agency when the topic is jurisdiction and there are only two kinds of suitcases thus cases that occur under a national law. Federal region judges have issue of authority if your case is based on any federal law or an issue of mixture citizenship. The matter can be brought to the court in case the parties involved are not willing to agree on a common stand. I agree with the sentiment that the administrative dispute resolution process starts with the compliant presenting a formal request to the department for it to

Methodology for albinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methodology for albinism - Essay Example The condition is defined as "a group of congenital heterogeneous disorders in which there is either complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes because of the absence of or a defect in an enzyme involved in the production of melanin" (Park et al, 2011). The pattern of inheritance of albinism is variable. It can be X-linked, autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. It is mainly autosomal recessive in oculocutaneous albinism (Park et al, 2012). Clinical presentation is at birth and depends on the type of oculocutaneous albinism. There are basically ten types of oculocutaneous albinism of which four are common and merit importance. They are oculocutaneous albinism: type 1A, type 1B, type 2, type 3 and Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (Park et al, 2012). The methodology of oculocutaneous albinism is clearly understood. In this essay, the methodology of oculocutaneous albinism will be discussed. Methodology Albinism is a genetic disorder that is hereditary. Genetic disorders are those conditions in which alteration of a specific gene leads to abnormal enzyme or protein production, leading to clinical manifestations. The main pathogenesis in albinism is abnormal synthesis or distribution of melanin. Melanin is a pigment that is responsible for the coloration of eyes, skin and hair. It is a protein and is synthesized in melanocytes from tyrosine, an aminoacid. Melanocytes are present in the skin, hair bulbs and eyes. The synthesis takes place in specialized organelles known as melanosomes. The most important enzyme in the production of melanin is tyrosinase. This enzyme converts tyrosine to dopa. The gene for tyrosinase is located in the chromosome 11. Mutations in the locus concerned with tyrosinase enzyme can lead to defective or absent tyrosinase. This can result in complete or partial absence of pigmentation of the skin, hair and eye. This type of oculocutaneous albinism is type-1. When the defect lies in P-polypeptide, which is a transport er for melanosomal tyrosine, type-2 oculocutaneous albinism arises. Tyrosinase is present in this type. Its functioning is also normal. But, the transporter is defective leading to the disease. The P gene is in chromosome 15. Patients with type-2 oculocutaneous albinism have some pigmentation, but it is lighter. Epithelial pigmentation of the retinal pigment around the macula is necessary for normal foveal development. Dopa, derived from tyrosine is essential normal retinal development as it is a mitotic agent. Lack of dopa leads to foveal hypoplasia and this can lead to decreased visual activity. Eventually the optic nerve fibers decussate abnormally and this leads to strabismus and monocular vision. Transillumination defects due to depigmented iris result in photophobia (Wei et al, 2011). In type-1 A, the clinical presentation is obvious at birth and the baby is born with blue-grey irides, light pink colored skin, depigmented white hair and predominant red reflex (Wei et al, 2011) . As the infant grows more symptoms related to eyes become obvious. These include nystagmus, decreased vision, strabismus, monocular vision and poor stereopsis. The skin can never develop pigmented lesions even after prolonged exposure to sunligh

Concentration Camp Sourcework Essay Example for Free

Concentration Camp Sourcework Essay In Source 5 Reitlinger says that more than a hundred thousand people must have known. If this is correct then why did no-one take the blame for it at the end of the war? Or even do anything to help the Jews? How well supported this claim is depends on the other sources. Source two agrees with Reitlingers claim as it says All the same rumours did circulate about dreadful deeds in the East this concurs with had not heard the same story in Reitlingers source. Also in Source 2 it says Because of the Nazis much publicised resettlement plans this again agrees with Jews had disappeared in Reitlingers source. In conclusion Reitlinger is supported, by Source 2, about rumours being spread and that people had seen Jews disappear. Source three is a very neutral source to the credibility of Reitlingers as it says Workers at an extermination centre in Austria were told Keep quiet about this or face the death penalty' this almost contradicts what Reitlinger says about people knowing about the camps. If the workers in the camps were threatened with their lives then would the hardly gossip to neighbours? Also in source three is says that when the crematoria were turned on it caused a power- outage outside Dachau, the people would obviously notice if their power was turned off so this supports Reitlingers claims. Source 6 contains much information and it supports Reitlingers claims as it contains information concerning an SS man declaring on a train that 2000 Jews were being murdered every week at Auschwitz if this SS man was concerned about secrecy would he have said it on a busy train? Source 6 also goes into some detail about the BBC laughing a broadcast campaign on the extermination of the Jews which provided information for any Germans that held a radio and it also says that The leaflets dropped by Allied planes also relayed information on the annihilation policy I think that the German people would have had enough information to confirm the rumours they might have heard. Source 8 contradicts Reitlinger as it says All swore that during the past few years they had no idea what had been going on in the camp outside their town this is important to note as the people themselves are saying they hadnt heart anything. There is a possibility that they could have been lying or faking their knowledge of the situation as evidence shows the general knowledge of people living around the camps. Source 10 supports Reitlinger as the author says The Jews are disappearing in throngs this matches with Source 5s not know most of the Jews had disappeared I would have to conclude that Reitlinger was probably correct in his estimate of German knowledge of the concentration camps as a good portion of the evidence in the sources tells us that it is plausible to estimate figures as grand as a hundred thousand people. I think many of the Germans did in fact know about the camps either by the rumours or by radio or by information pamphlets and therefore it begs the question as to why they didnt do anything to help the suffering Jews. Were they afraid of the strict penalties? Some had put their lives on the line by telling people about the camps why didnt they do anything? The answer to this is that although the people may have known there was nothing that they could have done to stop it completely and therefore could not be really held responsible for not helping.

The effects of inequality on young people

The effects of inequality on young people In what ways is inequality detrimental to the life chances of children and young people? How can practitioners address inequalities in their work with children and young people? Being discriminated against and suffering inequality (lack of equal treatment) can be detrimental to children and young people’s life chances, such as their education, qualification attainment and future employment. People can be discriminated against because of their age, religion, ethnicity, background, lifestyle and sexuality which can have a huge impact on their life depending on how these issues are addressed and how they are supported by their family, friends and practitioners. In this essay I am going to discuss how inequality can be detrimental to the life chances of children and young people, and how practitioners can help address these inequalities in their work. I will explore diversity, discrimination and the barriers which stop society being more inclusive. I will also explore the important role of practitioners and the support they are able to offer to those subject to discrimination. As a practitioner working in Scotland you must abide by the Scottish Social Services Council’s (SSSCs) Codes of Practice. â€Å"TheCodes of Practice for Social Service Workers describe the standards of professional conduct and practice required of social service workers as they go about their daily work.† (The Open University, 2013a). There are also four key capabilities in child care and protection that practitioners must follow: values and ethical practice, knowledge and understanding, effective communication and professional competence and confidence. By following these four key capabilities and abiding to the SSSC’s Codes of Practice, this allows practitioners to make the right decisions and work and communicate appropriately with children and young people. By doing this they are addressing inequalities by using their professional values, and not allowing their personal views and beliefs to overshadow what is right. Diversity is a distinctive feature of contemporary life in Scotland. â€Å"The term ‘diversity’ explains the ways in which people as individuals and as members of groups differ from each other; and that there is a variety of differences. It is evident that today a range of differences exist in the UK† (The Open University, 2013b). These differences range from people’s social class, family dynamics and values and beliefs. These differences can cause discrimination however diversity should be celebrated rather than being seen as negative. Children, young people and families whose lives are affected by discrimination and inequality need to be supported. Practitioners must have a social ecological perspective which is â€Å"a way of working with individual children, young people and families that keeps them at the centre but applies knowledge and understanding of the bigger picture when trying to understand their lives.† (The Open University, 2013c). Hav ing this perspective helps practitioners address inequalities in their work with children and young people and offer the appropriate supports. There are barriers stopping society from being more inclusive, such as the attitudes of people towards others who are seen as ‘not normal’, however â€Å"Social attitudes and legislation have successfully tackled discrimination and have, arguably, created a more inclusive society in the UK.† (The Open University, 2013d). Although there are barriers which stop society being more inclusive it has been argued that over the past 50 years in the UK diversity has developed, alongside increasing liberal ideas about how individuals and families arrange their lives, therefore factors such as age, social class, gender, disability, and religion should not be barriers to people’s life chances. Although diversity has developed it is still affecting people’s lives. As seen on the module website (The Open University, 2013e), a young person discusses her own personal experience of suffering racism and how this affected her life, which could possibly be detrimental t o her life chances. Although the perpetrator was charged by the Police, the young person’s self-esteem has suffered and she is in constant fear of being at risk of harm while out in the community. The young person also speaks about not receiving appropriate support from her family nor a practitioner, however if the young person had received the appropriate supports after the incident this could have had a positive impact on her and helped alleviate the young person’s fears. This highlights how important the role of a practitioner is in order to address inequalities in their work with children and young people. â€Å"Sociological theories suggest that socialisation is the process by which we learn from the society into which we are born† (The Open University, 2013f). Initially for most people socialisation takes place within the family as children and young people will adopt the views and beliefs of their parents. There are other social structures which provide socialisation and may interfere or change a person’s opinions such as school, the media and peer groups. Thomson’s PCS Model analyses socialisation and the inequalities that are raised within it. Thomson’s model suggests that people have their own Personal views or beliefs which are interlinked with theCulturalvalues that exist in a person’s community or belief system. This is also interlinked on a Structural level which includes society as a whole such as tabloids, institutions and governments. Children and young people who are looked after and accommodated can suffer inequality as their education may be influenced by their socio-economic background. Although the Guidance to the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 states that â€Å"Children who are looked after should have the same educational opportunities as all other children for education, including further and higher education, and access to other opportunities for development.† (The Open University, 2013g), this is not the reality of it. Children and young people who are accommodated tend to be under a great deal of stress due to their circumstances. They might be missing their family, they may have to move school, they may not live as close to their friends and they may have uncertainties about their future. Using Thomson’s PCS model, society has their own personal views and cultural values of children and young people who are in care such as assuming they are badly behaved or that they deserve to be in care. As well as the children/young people trying to deal with the views/beliefs of these people and the community as a whole, they can also be judged on a structural level and are trying to cope with how the media view them. This negative perception of children and young people in care is a form of discrimination and could be detrimental to their life chances due to the effect it can have on their mood, social life and learning ability. â€Å"‘Biological citizenship’ refers to the attempts by parents of children with disabilities to engage in activism and community participation to increase the citizenship rights of their children through links with groups such as Scope, Mencap and ENABLE Scotland.† (The Open University, 2013h). As discussed in Goodley and Runswick-Cole, 2010, p. 73-75, Gayle and Shelley are both mothers of children who are affected by a disability and although they have had very different experiences, they both resorted to using groups as a form of support. Gayle’s son Simon is eleven years old and has been diagnosed with asbergers, and Shelley’s daughter Chloe who is sixteen years old has been diagnosed with a rare genetic syndrome. Gayle found that Simon’s label allowed her to access support whereas Shelley found Chloe’s label as ‘useless’ because there were no supports that could be offered to her. Eventually both parents turned to â⠂¬Ëœreal’ parent support groups where biological citizenship is acted out. They found these groups positive overall and were able to relate to other parents who had similar experiences, however Shelley felt that â€Å"tensions could arise within the parents group, particularly when it came to making choices about mainstream or special provision† (Goodley and Runswick-Cole, 2010, p. 78). When discrimination affects a child or young person’s life chances it ultimately affects their parents/family, as it did Gayle and Shelley who felt the need to join a group to gain support and understanding. If Gayle and Shelley had received the appropriate support from a practitioner they may have felt that a group was unnecessary. In conclusion, inequality can be detrimental to the life chances of children and young people, affecting their social lives and their education. They could be discriminated against because of their age, religion, sexuality, gender or background and this could have an impact on their life as a whole. When children and young people are discriminated against this can also have an effect on their families, for example Gayle and Shelley who required the support of parent support groups. Practitioners can help address these inequalities through their work by abiding by the SSSC’s Codes of Practice and following the four key capabilities. By doing this it helps them to make the right decisions and work and communicate appropriately with children and young people to support them through discrimination. References The Open University (2013a) ‘Section 1.4: The module areas of study’ K229 Learning Guide 1 [Online]. Available at www.learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350865section=5 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013b) ‘Section 2.1: Families, diversity and social change’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=2 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013c) ‘Glossary’ K229 Resources and Forums [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/glossary/showentry.php?concept=courseid=202246eid=116725displayformat=dictionary (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013d) ‘Section 2.2: Barriers to a more inclusive society’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=3 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013e) ‘Section 2.3: The impact of discrimination and inequality’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=4 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013f) ‘Glossary’ K229 Resources and Forums [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=202246eid=116715displayformat=dictionary (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013g) ‘Section 2.5: Addressing discrimination and inequality’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=6 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013h) ‘Section 2.5: Addressing discrimination and inequality’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=6 (Accessed 12 November 2013). Goodley, D. and Runswick-Cole, K., (2010) Working with Children and Young People: Co-constructing Practice, ‘Disabled children, their parents and their experiences with practitioners’. Page 1 of 4