Doctor Visit with Troubling Symptoms (ESL Dialogue)

Going to a doctor who doesnt speak your native language may sometimes prove difficult. The following is a sample dialogue that you can use when visiting a doctor about some troubling symptoms. When you are not feeling well, you might need to describe in further detail the complications you are experiencing and the format below might help you do just that. Practice alone or with a friend. The patient in the dialogue below is feeling sick—they have a cough and diarrhea. However, even if you are experiencing other discomforts, you can use this dialogue as a blueprint for a medical conversation. You will find a list of different symptoms to choose from at the end. Some Troubling Symptoms Patient: Good afternoon. Doctor: Good afternoon. Have a seat. So, what have you come in for today?Patient: Thank you. Im feeling ill. Ive got quite a bad cough, but I dont seem to have a fever. Doctor: I see. How long have you had these symptoms?Patient: Oh, Ive had the cough for two weeks, but I have been feeling ill just these past few days. Doctor: Are you having any other problems?Patient: Well, Ive got a headache. Ive also had some diarrhea. Doctor: Do you produce any phlegm when coughing?Patient: Sometimes, but my cough is usually pretty dry. Doctor: Do you smoke?Patient: Yes, a few cigarettes a day. Certainly no more than a half a pack a day. Doctor: How about allergies? Do you have any allergies?Patient: Not that Im aware of. Doctor: Does your head feel stuffy?Patient: Yes, for the past few days. Doctor: OK. Now lets have a look. Could you please open your mouth and say ah? Key Vocabulary symptom a physical or mental feature indicating a diseaseto feel ill to feel sick; to feel like vomitingto cough to expel air from the lungs with a sudden sharp soundcough an act of coughing; expression: to have a coughfever an abnormally high body temperatureheadache a continuous pain in the headdiarrhea a condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid formphlegm mucus; the thick substance secreted by membranes of the respiratory passagesallergy hypersensitivity to a substancestuffy (of a nose) blocked up and making breathing difficult; expression: to feel stuffy Other Troubling Symptoms pain suffering or discomfortindigestion pain or discomfort in the stomachconstipation difficulty emptying the bowelssore throat pain in the throatcut an open woundburn an injury caused by heat or flame More English for Medical Purposes Dialogues Making a Doctors AppointmentJoint Pain - Doctor and PatientA Physical Examination - Doctor and PatientPain that Comes and Goes - Doctor and PatientA Prescription - Doctor and PatientFeeling Queasy - Nurse and PatientHelping a Patient - Nurse and PatientMore Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures/language functions for each dialogue.

The Social Class Structure Of Victorian England Essay

All throughout Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s prominent Sherlock Holmes fiction, there seems to be a lot of themes concerning the social class structure of Victorian England. I do not believe that Doyle’s true objective was to depict Holmes as upholding the traditional state of affairs of that time, as class inequality was a very prominent thing. Women were regularly thought of as having less intelligence than males and there was a seething, developing tension building up between the three categorized classes; those being the upper, middle, and lower. Doyle also depicts and writes frequently about a kind of â€Å"criminal class† who seem to be predestined to a life of crime and are often the people of the lower and working classes. This, to many people, might suggest that Doyle believed that the lower class working people were doomed to a life of crime. However, I postulate that it’s much more sophisticated than just that. There happen to be quite a few tongue-i n-cheek comments all throughout the Holmes canon and Doyle was simply using his characters to challenge the issues of social inequality and gender roles, rather than to conclusively solve them. I believe that Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes is the embodiment of critique of class and gender roles, criticizing the status quo by introducing multiple villains that don’t mesh with the stereotypical â€Å"criminal class†, by depicting those of the upper class as irrational, silly and mean-spirited; while at same time, Doyle was headlining women inShow MoreRelatedClass Structure Of Victorian England1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe difference in class structures of Victorian England was dependent on the lifestyles and jobs of individuals. The Victorian era of England lasted from 1837 to 1901. The Victorian England hierarchy was divided into three different classes; the upper, middle, and lower class and was reliant of occupational differences. The hierarchy was very rigid and t here was little social mobility, because of the fact that normally a person was born into their class and even their future career. In Great ExpectationsRead MoreSatirical Comments in The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde999 Words   |  4 PagesThe class system during the Victorian Period played a significant role on people’s lives. The class a person belonged to played an important role in that individual’s future. In Victorian England, class diversity and class placement either hindered or enhanced people’s lives. One work of literature that comments on class distinctions in Victorian England is â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, by Oscar Wilde. In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Wilde expresses the concern with the Victorian peopleRead MoreEssay on Servants in Victorian England850 Words   |  4 PagesServants in Victorian England Servants were imperative to the functioning of middle and upper class homes in Victorian England. Without the veritable army of servants for the upper and upper-middle classes, women would not be able to live the leisured lives they had grown accustomed, and would certainly not have the time to flaunt their status with neighbor-calling and the numerous balls and social activities. Even most lower-middle and middle-middle classes employed at least one servant, asRead MoreWuthering Heights By F. Lockwood881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In all England†, observes Mr. Lockwood, â€Å"I do not believe that I could have fixed on a situation so completely removed from the stir of society† (Ch 1). Outwardly, this plain and insignificant statement characterizes the isolated position of the Yorkshire moors from the rest of the society. In closer examination, however, a reader might mark the significance of Lockwood’s remark in its relation to the characters in Wuthering Hei ghts, who are indeed removed from the context of nineteenth-centuryRead MoreAppropriation Of A Key Text From The Past1364 Words   |  6 Pagesstudied explored social values? George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion and its appropriation, the movie Pretty Woman directed by Garry Marshall both explore the social values of class, namely the construction of the class system and class divisions, individual independence of the female heroine in a patriarchal society and the significance of appearance and identity on the perception of one’s character. Both texts convey these values relative to their respective contexts of Victorian England and modern dayRead More Satirical Social Construct Theories in Carolls Wonderland Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pages The Victorian Era held many common beliefs that contrast to everything modern society holds as true.These beliefs ecompassed such areas as social theory, class differences, racial prejudices, the effect of capitalism in society, and the role and extent of education Lewis Carroll challenges and satirizes these social constructs in his novels Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass by the use of fantasy characters and settings. He confronts the reader indirectly through Alice; as the fantasyRead MoreThe Importance Of Realism In Hard Times By Charles Dickens1575 Words   |  7 Pagesand nineteenth-century novels portrayed the ongoing social turmoil in both subtle and crude manners. Dickens in his novels had unfurled the reality of the nineteenth century industrial England and its neighborhood. On the other hand, Hardy was concerned about the social structure aiming at the objective of human life. Scholars like Raymond William have argued in his book â€Å"Forms of English Fiction in 1848† that the practices of human life in social discourses are succinctly reflected in the novels ofRead MoreThe Elizabethan Age And The Victorian Age1611 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Renaissance of England, wherein the literature and the arts are at height, where Shakespeare was starting to be well-known for his works, or to explore the Victorian Age which lasted for nearly sixty-four yea rs, wherein the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power?’ The indecision of choosing either Age, both important in the history of Britain, led to weighing the more informative of the two in the fields of the country’s military, government, economy, social hierarchy, and rolesRead MoreDuring The Mid.-Nineteenth Century, Victorian England Was1355 Words   |  6 Pages-nineteenth century, Victorian England was divided into distinct social classes. The three social classes included the working, middle, and upper leisure class. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, the working class became very isolated from the leisure class and often had low paying jobs such as a blacksmith, tradesman, and farmer. The wealthy ladies and gentlemen of the leisure class lacked awareness that their frivolous lifestyle was built on the laborious work of the working class. Charles DickensRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of The Victorian Era1715 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, many time periods have been similar and different from each other. People from each time period decide what they want to continue incorporating and what they would like to disregard. The Victorian Era was brought about upon to show rebellion from the Romantic period. The Victorian Era is a reaction against the Romantic Period due to differences in terms of historical influences, effects of science, crises of faith, and women’s desire for change. The Romantic Period’s history started

Analytical essay Free Essays

According to the article, â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns,† it Is evident that gun control has proven Ineffective when It comes to dissolving the â€Å"love affair† that exists between Americans and their guns (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This article highlights the Issues that permeate throughout America regarding pro gun groups. Not only Is this article persuasive, it Infuses a degree of rhetorical strategies including logical, as well as emotional appeals to fortify the issue at hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Various examples, statistics, and sound evidence is brought to the table, adequately arguing ND developing the position that, â€Å"Americans want to keep their guns, no matter how high the price,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). Furthermore, the other article, â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation,† falls short in strengthening its argument and is not as convincing, in comparison to â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns. † These articles use an array of rhetorical strategies to convey their arguments, however some strategies prove more successful or useful than others. Exemplification or defining appears in both articles. These rhetorical strategies seem necessary and perhaps essential monuments In each article. They serve to properly support and strengthen the statements of each author. Another rhetorical strategy that Is prominent throughout both articles Is the comparing and contrasting method. TLS strategy allows the reader to introduce the pros and cons concerning their argument while persuading the reader to take a stance or a step in the right direction. Once the comparing and contrasting have been presented and thoroughly examined, the author can then persuade the reader based on said favorable findings. Apart from these rhetorical strategies, classifying and dividing appear in both articles too. This type of strategy divides difficult or overwhelming topics in smaller comprehensible units. Readjusting a broad topic into smaller subsections lets the writer gain control of the argument and allows the reader to comfortably analyze the material (â€Å"Rhetorical Strategies). This Is particularly true on a subject like gun control In America, a topic In desperate need of dissecting since there is so much history and discourse to address. The first article, â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns,† uses these rhetorical strategies most effectively, as oppose to the article, â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation. † The first article appeals to the reader on an emotional level, as well as on a logical level. The author starts off with; â€Å"The love affair goes on, whatever the price. The funerals are over,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This is a powerful and convincing statement because it gets the reader emotionally involved. It conjures up thoughts of death, guns, and their relation to one another. Followed by this emotionally charged tenement, is a series of examples. This structure holds true to the rhetorical strategy of exemplification. Mentioned are descriptions of young boys as murders and shocking Incidents such as mass shootings and school massacres. These examples are so effective because they emphasize the Idea that Americans are still obsessed with guns regardless of all the harm they can cause. Moreover, the author also gets the reader convinced on a logical level by presenting rather startling but true evidence, like the anti-control slogan, â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people kill cause at face value, it is true. With all these historical events and facts, this article becomes very credible and the author builds a very strong argument. The author also uses the rhetorical strategy of compare and contrast to further reinforce the idea that Americans are reluctant to give up their guns. The article mentions the stark contrasts in regards to deaths by handguns in America versus the world. Although the difference in numbers across the board is shocking, the author follows these statements by, â€Å"most Americans remain unimpressed by such imprisons,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This article is incredibly persuasive and convincing. Such statements leave the reader in disbelief that Americans still â€Å"want to keep their guns, no matter how high the price,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). From this article, even though the author introduces both sides of the story, one could presume that gun control may not gain popularity in America. After reading the first article, the second article becomes less convincing. â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation,† lacks emotion and depth. The article sets itself up for disaster, cause although it tries to stress how gun legislation is on the brink of undergoing tighter regulations, it fails miserably. The author places too much emphasis on the National Rifle Association (NEAR). The rhetorical strategy of exemplification is present, but glorifies the NEAR, mentioning how â€Å"powerful† and how † successful† the anti-gun control lobby has been, â€Å"in helping to block any meaningful gun control legislation in Congress,†(â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation†). This example, followed by facts, is perhaps not the best one for this discussion because it reinforces the strength of the association in America and weakens the argument for better or more effective regulations. However, the article does include examples of small victories nationwide concerning tougher gun restrictions, but these statements would have been more effective if they were mentioned earlier. These successes lose their credibility as they are undermined when compared and contrasted to the NEAR. The author is very disorganized; his attempts at using classifying and dividing to strengthen his argument do not help him to properly compose his thoughts. The author Jumps from he NEAR, to a series of events, to politicians and lastly lawsuits. This overwhelms the reader because the flow is too Jumbled, for this reason this article becomes ineffective and too complicated to properly make sense of. Lastly, the article that gave me the best answer was â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns. † This article was emotionally charged and logically composed. The author included numerous rhetorical strategies to reinforce his rather shocking stance that Americans love their guns and that those guns are here to stay. The authors use of visual descriptions, incidents, and statistics were all appropriate examples used to establish and display the ideas effectively. The composition of the article flows really well, a lot of information is presented but also condensed, mentioning only what is vital to the argument. The author is direct and to the point and the author does not deviate from the main argument, constantly coming back and endorsing his/her opinion. The author mentions, â€Å"many Americans have already come to the remarkable conclusion that the best route to a safer America is a better-armed America,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). The author is constantly on point with his/her information. How to cite Analytical essay, Essays

Power And Privilege In Aboriginal People †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Power And Privilege In Aboriginal People. Answer: Introduction: The secret river is a novel written by an Australian author, Kate Greenville, which has been adapted for theatre plays and television film. The novels major backdrop is vested in the British expansion in New South Wales and the relevant scenarios depicting the interactions between the white settlers and the aboriginal people in Australia. The definition of privilege could be identified as the exceptional advantage, immunity and rights anointed or accessed by a specific community or individual. Power can be defined in this context as the ability for influencing the behaviour of other individuals or course of events. Power and privilege result in Aboriginal people being marginalised The observation of power and privilege in the case of the secret river could be observed in the unwarranted treatment of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples by the newly arrived white settlers on the basis of racial superiority thereby depicting unauthorized exercise of power. Furthermore, the white settlers also depict potential highlights of privilege since they assumed control over the unclaimed lands in the area of the indigenous people without being concerned about the native laws regarding land ownership (Cur?eu, 2013). The identification of the large scale marginalization of the indigenous people of New South Wales i.e. the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander Peoples could be considered as a major impact on their health alongside concerns of cultural safety (UTS: Indigenous Health Resources, 2017). The current health status of the native people could be apprehended from the depiction of favourable health conditions among individuals above the age of 15 years that reported their health conditions as excellent or good. On the contrary, lower proportion of females of the indigenous population has indicated fair health i.e. 37% as compared to 42% among males (Fujii, 2014). However, the health status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples is comparatively inferior that that of the non-aboriginal people alongside the observation of a substantial gap between the populations of older age people in each segment. Furthermore, the natives have also depicted profound indications of various health conditions referring to kidney diseases and circulatory diseases alongside the prominence of risk factors such as smoking (Hou, 2016). The interpretation of health status of the indigenous people refers to the influence of the disparities between the worldview and the persons view of health. The following essay is aimed at describing the differential between groups of people as well as the impact of these differences on the contemporary healthcare of native people of Australia. Ways In Which White Settlers Were Marginalised The key points which will be highlighted in the report include references to the impacts of power and privilege on marginalization of aboriginal people through evidences from readings and the film The Secret River. Thereafter the report is directed towards estimating the effect of power and privilege on dispossession of aboriginal people with notable inclusion of worldviews on land ownership (Kuriki, 2015). The following section of the essay refers to identification of ways in which white settlers experienced marginalization. Another significant part of the essay is directed towards the impact of British colonisation on the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in the contemporary scenario. The report also addresses the development of opportunities for nurses to provide culturally safe healthcare for the indigenous people through an understanding of the impact of colonisation. Power and privilege result in Aboriginal people being dispossessed The naturally aggressive behaviour of Smasher Sullivan towards the native residents could be observed as a formal example from the film regarding the marginalization of the native people. Power and privilege were substantially observed as major influences on the outcomes of Australias colonisation through literary sources also (Magin Yonge III, 2016). The basic rationale for Australias colonisation was generic ethnocentrism and xenophobia alongside the perceived limitations in the resident scientific climate. The impact of language used by the white settlers also suggested the demonstration of racial superiority. The film depicts the implication of language as a resource for accomplishing racial superiority in the example of the first encounter between Thornhill and the aborigines. In the encounter, it can be observed that the language of the aborigines is not known and the aborigines reply by repeating the phrase Be off uttered by William. This suggests the perception of inferiority of the race of aborigines by the white settlers. The encounter also serves as a formidable indicator of the feeling of power that can be validated on the grounds of inherent ethnocentrism of the white settlers (Majocha Mullennix, 2015). Dispossession can be defined generically as the act of depriving an individual or community of their land, possessions and property. The primary evidence that can be presented for the dispossession of aboriginal people is observed in the factor that the British colonists perceived insufficient use of the land resources by the aboriginal people. The film depicts this factor in the form of the arrival of convicts at New South Wales realizing freedom from being stalled in the lower strata of the society. The white settlers assume the lands to be unclaimed as in the case of William Thornhill, who named a piece of land as Thornhills point and expressed intent to own the land and live a prosperous life there. The evidence from readings was primarily directed towards the implications of cultural violence which led to the dispossession of the aborigines (McGillivray, et al., 2017). It is also imperative to apprehend the world views on land ownership in order to understand the context of disp ossession depicted in the readings as well as the film clip. The association of aborigines with the land can be perceived in terms of the definition of noble savage that can also be validated on the grounds of their behaviour depicted in the film. The aborigines in the film clip do not impose any sort boundaries on the land for ownership which depicts their worldview of land ownership i.e. their universal view regarding the claims to land. On the contrary, the significance of land ownership for the white settlers is observed in the form of a last option to develop a new life for themselves since they are convicts and have been released from the obligations to the society where their status was inferior. Now the source of conflict is apprehended in the vested superiority perceived by the settler convicts over the native individuals (Powell Powell, 2015). The behaviour of the aborigine leader towards William Thornhill observed in the film could be accounted as a formidable indicator of the marginalization of white settlers. Despite the limited instances, the marginalization of white settlers could be observed in the form of the refraining of aborigines from participating in the activities of the Europeans (Schindler, 2017). Furthermore, the marginalization of white settlers was also observed among themselves on the basis of preferences for favouring the integrity of the aborigines. The examples from the film which could validate this include the behaviour depicted by Smasher Sullivan for Blackwood on the basis of the latters advocacy for aborigines. The compounding of racial discrimination with the institutional practices related to the domain of healthcare refers to institutional racism. Institutional racism has been observed as a profound barrier for effective provision of healthcare services for the aboriginals in Australia (Uysal, 2013). The impact of institutional racism in healthcare can be profoundly observed from the interpretation of its effect on minority communities. Institutional racism could be resolved through apprehending the gaps imposed by it in the healthcare of aborigines in Australia. One of the explicit solutions could be identified in the form of analytical review of the various discrepancies noted in healthcare setting especially in terms of minimum cultural respect for the aborigines (Uysal, 2013). Effects of colonisation impact on the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People today Nurses could make prominent sociological inferences from the impact of colonisation on Australia to determine the apprehensions among the native people for receiving treatment from nurses and healthcare providers belonging to different cultural settings. Nurses could obtain a formidable impression of cultural safety from the interception of practical experiences of colonisation and its impact on the land, people and history (Powell Powell, 2015). The unawareness of historical context of colonisation in Australia could be associated with detrimental consequences as observed in examples of white nurses being unable to administer appropriate healthcare to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People (NITV, 2017). The benefits of anticipating the impact of colonisation would enable the nurses to address social mechanisms such as institutional and personal racism effectively thereby improving the quality of healthcare provided to native individuals (Schindler, 2017). Conclusion: The essay outlined references from film clip of The Secret River in order to illustrate the effect of power and privilege on marginalization and dispossession of native Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People due to the colonisation of Australia. The essay also emphasized on the implications of the healthcare setting in Australia for the native people and a prolific interpretation of the impact of colonisation on the same. One of the profound highlights that can be inferred from the report is vested in the recognition of the role of nurses in providing culturally safe healthcare on the basis of outcomes derived from an understanding of colonisations impacts. References Cur?eu, P. L. (2013). Demographic diversity, communication and learning behaviour in healthcare groups.The International journal of health planning and management,28(3), 238-247. Fujii, S. J. (2014). Diversity, communication, and leadership in the community college faculty search process.Community College Journal of Research and Practice,38(10), 903-916. Hou, X. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,258,151. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kuriki, S. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,934,355. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Magin, G. A., Yonge III, L. W. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,325,374. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Majocha, K. L., Mullennix, J. W. (2015). Shades of grey: An interdisciplinary approach to a constructive understanding of diversity in the communication classroom.Qualitative Research Reports in Communication,16(1), 29-37. McGillivray, M. E., Augart, S., Cranwell, J., Goerzen, M., Hong, M., Lee, R., ... Donnelly, T. T. (2017). Enhancing Social Diversity And Communication In An Assisted Living Facility For Older Adults: A Community Health Nursing Project.International Journal of Nursing Student Scholarship,4. Powell, R. G., Powell, D. L. (2015).Classroom communication and diversity: Enhancing instructional practice. Routledge. Schindler, A. (2017). Using soundscape indices to understand the effects of sound on diversity and communication. Uysal, N. (2013). Shifting the paradigm: Diversity communication on corporate web sites.Public Relations Journal,7(2), 8-36. UTS: Indigenous Health Resources. (2017). UTS: Indigenous Health Resources. Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://utsindigenoushealth.com/ Why a connection to country is so important to Aboriginal communities. (2017). NITV. Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2015/10/22/why-connection-country-so-important-aboriginal-communities

THE MEDIA AS AN INSTITUTION Essays - Marketing, Advertising

THE MEDIA AS AN INSTITUTION ?..... it will create forgetfulness in the learners' souls because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written words and not remember of themselves. They will appear to be omniscient, and will generally know nothing; they will be tiresome company, having the show of wisdom without the reality.' Plato's Phaedrus The media has become the institution that it is today because of the associated commercial concerns. Mass media is financed due to the massive influence both the print and electronic media has on Australia's society. Whilst Socrates quote from Plato's Phaedrus, referred to the invention of writing, many hold the same opinion in relation to the mass media today. Major Changes Several major changes have occurred in the media industry in the last two decades that have fundamentally altered the way in which the media institution operates. The most major changes of note have been: a. the growth of the media industry, b. the advancement of satellite communications, c. women's increased role as consumers of mass media, and d. the growth of the internet. The media has seen spectacular growth since the first daily newspaper for the ?common man' was produced on 4 May 1896. ?The Daily Mail' was a halfpenny paper of eight pages with advertisements on the front cover and was described as ?A Penny Newspaper for One Halfpenny' and ?The Busy Man's Daily Journal'. The Daily Mail reported on domestic and foreign news items, political gossip, society, sport and the stock exchange. The Daily Mail was also the first newspaper to include a number of features for women. In Australia the daily newspaper continues to be a major part of the media industry. The higher circulating newspapers such as the Australian, the Sydney Morning Herald, the Telegraph Mirror and the Age are produced and financed by the revenue made by news stand sales and advertising both commercial and personal. As the Australian population continues to grow the sales of mass print media undergoes the same growth. Satellite communications have also had a profound affect on the mass media. News reporting has now become almost instantaneous. In 1991, during the Gulf War, people watched war live via satellite in their living rooms. Whilst being a strictly controlled coverage, information and live reports were sent globally. Australian reporters sent live broadcasts from Baghdad during American missile attacks whilst Generals gave television conferences to detail the intricacies of the confrontation as it occurred. The most significant change in the mass media has been the increased role of women as consumers of mass media. Whilst magazines such as Womens Day have been in print since the early 50's accommodating for women's role as a mother and housekeeper, the last two decades have seen women become both more career minded and willing to express their ideals and wishes in an open forum. The circulation of magazines such as Cleo, Cosmopolitan and Elle has not only brought to fore women's issues but also made them targets for the mass media. Magazines such as Dolly and more recently ?B' accommodate to the reading and lifestyle wishes of younger girls and also create a younger target audience for the media. The internet is a more recent phenomenon which, whilst it has not had a major effect on the media institution, shows the potential to become a large sector of the media. The mass availability of the internet is leading it to becoming an alternate source of information. Most national newspapers and all of the commercial television stations have internet sites. The users of these information sites ?pay' by the presence of advertising. Reasons for Change A study was carried out during an American Presidential campaign in the 1970's to find out why people voted as they do. By conducting interviews over the six month election campaign the study hoped to determine the impact of the mass media in influencing voting intentions. The fundamental finding was that there was very little influence of the campaign in changing peoples votes, and that the main effect of the mass effort was to reinforce the original voting intentions of some people and to arouse the latent predisposition of others. People were found to be very selective and only paid attention to the material which supported their

Everything You Need to Know About F. Scott Fitzgerald

Everything You Need to Know About F. Scott Fitzgerald SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Curious about the man who created The Great Gatsby? Did you know that some of the events of this novel are actually based on things that happened to F. Scott Fitzgerald himself? This articlewillgive you a broad overview of Fitzgerald’s life, with a focus onthe autobiographical details that he laterworkedinto The Great Gatsby. Use this background on The Great Gatsby authorto further deepen your understanding of the novel, to connect it with the historical period that it's describing, and to better analyze the motivations of the characters. Fitzgerald’sEarly Life: Echoes of TheGreat Gatsby Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896.When he was 15, Fitzgerald was sentto the Newman School, a prestigious boarding school in New Jersey. He stayed on theEast Coast to attend Princeton University, an Ivy League school. Fitzgerald was popular at Princeton. He did lots of creative writing for various student publications, including articles for the Princeton Tiger humor magazine and scripts for Triangle Club musicals. However, Fitzgerald’s extracurricular commitments caused him to neglect his studies, and even be placed on academic probation. Traveling home to St. Paul fromPrinceton in 1915, Fitzgerald met socialite Ginevra King. Beautiful, wealthy, and effortlessly charming, Ginevra was arguably the primary inspiration for Daisy Buchanan. Indeed, a recentlyunveiled collection of letters reveals how much Ginevracared for Scott, but alsoknew that she couldn’t marry a middle-class boy.In 1917, Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton completely to join the army and fight in World War I (although he never actually saw action). A year later, Ginevra King wrote him a letter to tell him that she was engaged to marry another man. Fitzgerald was stationed inCamp Sheridan near Montgomery, Alabama. That’s where he met and fell in love with Zelda Sayre, the daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court judge. Zelda was another popular socialite, a free spirit who loved dancing, swimming, and partying. She also cared for Fitzgerald,but, like Ginevra, was wary of marrying a middle-class man without much money. The war ended in 1918 before Fitzgeraldwas ever deployed to Europe. He moved to NYC hoping to have a successful career in advertising and make enough money to convince Zelda to marry him. A few months later, hewent back to St. Paul to work on anovel. He also took a job repairing car roofs to help pay the bills. Fitzgerald's first novel, This Side of Paradise, published in 1920, was a semi-autobiographical account of his Princeton years, featuring the main character Amory Blaine, who is rejected by two wealthy girls. The novel was an overnight success, making 24-year-old Fitzgeraldone of the country’s most promising young writers. With his novel published and income assured, Scott married Zelda in NYC. They had a daughter named Frances soon after, in 1921, who would be their only child. Zelda remarked upon her birth â€Å"I hope she’s a fool, a beautiful little fool." Scott loved his new celebrity status and started living a really expensive lifestyle, which included lots of partying and traveling. In October 1922, the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck, a town on Long Island which served as the inspiration for West Egg in The Great Gatsby. Their neighbors were alsowealthy, famous, and veryâ€Å"new money.† Their contrast to the families in Port Washington, which sat across the bay from Great Neck, gave Fitzgerald the idea for the contrast between West Egg and East Egg in the novel. Ginevra King (left) and Zelda Fitzgerald (right) Biographical Similarities to Events in The Great Gatsby Like Fitzgerald, the novel's narrator Nick Carraway also grows up in the Midwest and then goes to college to an East Coast Ivy League school (although in Nick's case, it's Yale). Fitzgerald wrote for humorous publications at Princeton, while Nickdescribes aseries of â€Å"solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News† (1.12). Gatsby's initial romance with Daisy is almost exactly what happened to Fitzgerald and Ginevra King. Gatsby meets Daisy Fay, a wealthy socialite, is unable to marry her because he is too poor, and leaves to fight in WWI only to have her marry Tom Buchanan. However, the way that Gatsby meets Daisy is similar to the way Fitzgerald met Zelda - while stationed at a military camp awaiting transfer orders to Europe. Unlike Nick and Jay, Fitzgerald never actually experienced fighting in WWI. After the war, Fitzgerald spent several months in New York trying to make it in the advertising business before coming back to St. Paul to write. Similarly, Nick spends a summer in New York trying to make it as a bond trader before coming back to the Midwest to write his memoir about Gatsby. Fitzgerald worked as a car mechanic while writing his first novel, which may have given him some insight into what George Wilson's life might be like. Zelda's comment on the birth of Frances Fitzgerald became one of Daisy Buchanan’s most famous lines in The Great Gatsby almost verbatim: "I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool - that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool." (1.8) Fitzgerald's life on Long Island had shades of Gatsby's parties and extravagant lifestyle, as well as his feelings of inferiority when thinking about the old money crowd across the bay in East Egg. Remember: art only imitates, but doesn't duplicate life. The High Life: Writing The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald continued to work on his novels in between partying and writing short stories. In 1922, he published his second novel, The Beautiful and the Damned, about a socialite waiting to come into his fortune. This novel, with its meditations on morality, love, and decadence, officially marked Fitzgerald as one of the great writers of the wealth, ambition, and extravagance of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald began work on The Great Gatsby, his third novel, in June 1922. However, he was slowed down by debts, a move to the French Riviera, and conflicts with his wife. He really buckled down in 1924, telling his editor that Gatsby would be â€Å"a consciously artistic achievement† and a â€Å"purely creative work.† During thisperiod, Fitzgerald fell in with a famous group of modernists in Paris, including the novelist Ernest Hemingway and writer Gertrude Stein. The Great Gatsby was finally published in 1925. Despite Fitzgerald’s efforts, it was not as warmly received by critics as his previous two novels. It also failed to take off commercially. (Read our history of The Great Gatsbyfor more on how Gatsby was received in the 1920s.) End of Life: Fitzgerald's Unraveling After the publication of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald suffered from alcoholism, something he had struggled with since Princeton, and writer’s block. Meanwhile, Zelda suffered from mental health problems and was often institutionalized. (She was diagnosed as schizophrenic, though many modern historians believe she could have also suffered from bipolar disorder.) In 1934, Fitzgerald finally published Tender is the Night, his fourth novel, about an American psychiatrist living in Paris. He continued to struggle with alcoholism and depression. In 1937, he moved to Hollywood to be a screenwriter and revive his career. Though he madesome money, he was never a critical success (there aren’t any must-see Fitzgerald films). Fitzgerald began the novel Love of the Last Tycoon while in Hollywood but died in 1940, at age 44, from a heart attack, before he could finish it. An unfinished version was eventually published in 1941. What to Take From the Life ofThe Great GatsbyAuthor If you’ve already read The Great Gatsby, you’ll notice pretty big parallels in the story to Fitzgerald’s real life: the Midwestern upbringing and education of Nick, with the military experience and love life of Gatsby. Fitzgerald makes Nick Carraway the narrator, not Gatsby. This may suggest that Fitzgerald saw himself as someone like Nick – someone observing a much more extravagant lifestylefrom the outside, rather than participating like Gatsby. It’s also important to understand Gatsby was written during the precarious peak of Fitzgerald’s life – while he was famous and living an extravagant lifestyle but before the most serious struggles with alcoholism, depression, and debt. You can't really tie any of Fitzgerald’s (or Zelda’s) most intense struggles with alcoholism or mental illness to Gatsby – you’d have to focus on Tender is the Night or Love of the Last Tycoon to do that. Instead, Gatsby is the book that came at the height of the 1920s and Fitzgerald’s life before he began to seriously struggle with alcoholism and depression – but it still has a melancholy undertone that strongly hints at the struggles to come. Further Reading Biography.com: Get a more detailed overview of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s life, especially the later years. The New York Times: A feature that explores Scott and Zelda’s connection to Long Island and the possible Gatsby mansion inspiration. Princeton Alumni Weekly: Read more about Ginevra King, the possible inspiration for Daisy. What’s Next? Learn more about how The Great Gatsby was received when it first came out, and also read up about the 1920s so you can understand the economic, political, and cultural context of Gatsby. Excited to dive in? Check out our articles onGatsby’s title, its opening pages and epigraph, and itsfirst chapter. Or, zoom out first toa summary of The Great Gatsby, along with links to all ourgreat articles analyzing this novel! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Journey of man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journey of man - Essay Example This essay will expound on this thesis. In this most compelling story of natural history, the pivotal moment was the great Ice Age that set in 50 thousand years ago. Up until this point, the entire human population (technically of the species Homo sapiens) were confined to just the African continent. This is understandable, for most of the early hominids evolved in this landmass, with the evolution of our species being a natural progression. With the onset of the Ice Age, the rich and diverse ecology of central and southern Africa began to change. With the substantial drop in temperatures, the erstwhile green and fertile regions began to dry up. The early human populations that depended on this ecosystem for survival faced drought like conditions. To illustrate the depth of the problem, the sea-shore caves of South Africa, which were used as shelter by primitive people, became ever more distant from the shore line – nearly 40 kilometers at the peak of the Ice Age. Such radical changes to the ecology forced people to move toward he north-east of the continent, where the climate was somewhat more temperate. And this crisis for survival is perhaps the most important event in anthropology. For, without it, Homo sapiens might not have ever left Africa. In consequence, the richness, diversity and reach of human species might have been limited. There are many interesting subplots within the epic narrative of Journey of Man. What each of these subplots tells us is that there is a shared sense of adventure and enterprise inherent in our species. To begin with, the populating of the Australian continent was a tantalizing story of adventure and chance. Scientists were first confounded by the 6000 mile of ocean that separated the East African coast from the nearest shore in Australia. Later it came to light that the radically new geological conditions created by the Ice Age provided an easy passage wherever the sea had receded. In geological timescales, usually popu lations within a species only gradually expand their habitat. But the speed with which our species moved out of Africa was unprecedented in the history of evolution. This is underscored by the astounding fact that in Australia there was not even a single primate species when humans arrived there. Likewise the crossing of the arctic inhabiting Chikchu people into the New World is another historical achievement of our species. The Americans who are newly native to this expansive continent nearly covered its entire breadth and width in less than a millennia of its advent. Instances such as these highlight how all groups within our species shared the same spirit of adventure and tenacity for survival. It is these qualities that unites us as humans and makes us the most intelligent and successful species on the planet. Another interesting information presented in the documentary is how modern Europeans took a complex migratory route to arrive at Western Europe. The lore of the Cro-Magnon man is very prescient to the mind as they conquered the temperate and cold climes of Europe with a physiology that was ill suited to these conditions. In other words, the early inhabitants of Europe were dark skinned people, who quickly acquired a paler complexion. They were also very imaginative and creative in finding the means to adapt and survive in conditions that are alien to those found in the Central

World Finacial Crisis - Impact in the American Economy Term Paper

World Finacial Crisis - Impact in the American Economy - Term Paper Example From the year 2006 the delinquency rate on the home loan has increased and it got severe in the year 2007 because the Federal Reserve has started to increase the interest rates. The house loan where the debtors have to pay floating rate interest they were in problem. So the increase of bad loans led to the failure of the mortgage lenders mainly the banks. Because of the complexity of the financial products the investors and the banks didn’t know the actual size of the losses. As a result the liquidity of the market became less and the lending decrease, as a result the credit crunch has begun. The other reasons for the financial crisis are the borrowing of the households which were beyond their means, poor lending standards taken by the financial institutions, more over the counter transactions, more reliance on short term debts and the credit rating agencies failure to assess the risk. In the era of globalization the financial crisis of world’s strongest economy also af fected the economy of the other countries. In September 2008 Lehmann Brothers was bankrupted and the financial crisis taken place. The report is an attempt to assess the impact on the American economy due to the world financial crisis. This report would find out the GDP growth rate, the changes in the value of dollar, the sector wise impact and the consequent problems caused by the crisis. Growth in the GDP Figure 1: United States GDP Growth Rate Data Source: (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2011) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is the representative of the standard of leaving of that particular country and it refers to the value of goods and services produced by the country. The GDP growth of U.S. was affected severely for the financial crisis of 2007-09. The GDP growth has increased 1.9% in the fourth quarter of 2007 from the last quarter. 2008 and 2009, these two years were the two worst years for American economy. In 2008 excluding the 2nd quarter the GDP growth was negat ive throughout the year. In the 4th quarter of 2008 the GDP growth was -9% which was the lowest for a quarter in the period of Economic recession. From the 3rd quarter of 2009 the GDP growth was tend to positive and after that the growth was always positive. This statistics shows that in that time period the economy was not productive at all. All the sectors were affected by the credit crunch situation more or less, as a result the total GDP of the strongest economy declined. The manufacturing industries were unable to get the credit as they get it in the earlier time. The banks and other financial institutions didn’t get the payment from the debtors, so several banks were declared bankrupted, as a result they were unable to issue credit to the business entities when the business organizations are largely depends on debt from the banks. So the productivity of the organizations became less and the GDP growth rate declined. Impact in the Employment Sector Figure 2: The Layoff d ue to the Financial Crisis Data Source: (Auer, Auer and Wehrmuller, 2008) From the above graph it can be said that since the 9/11 the layoffs has risen to the highest level. It can be concluded from the statistics that for the financial crisis not only the GDP of the country declined, the layoff rate also reached to the country’s highest level. The cause of the financial crisis was the disability to pay the debts of the households; as a result the bad debt of the financial institutions has increased. Some financial institu

The U.S. constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The U.S. constitution - Essay Example However it is important to consider that any amendments to the constitution should not be made too rapidly. For this reason any amendments to the constitution must follow a two stage process. First congress must propose the changes and then must be approved by the state legislatures. With all of this in consideration there have been changes to the U.S. constitution and as such one must consider what the overall function or role of the federal government was in the past and as it stands today. The interpretation of what the original framers of the U.S. Federal government intended has been a subject of debate for many different groups. However the overall outline of the federal government is laid out by the U.S. constitution. Originally, the role of the federal government very closely resembled the government as it stands today however it lacked the significant changes that come through the adoption of amendments. According to The United States National Archives (2011) the first major group amendments to the US Constitution is the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The next significant changes to the United States constitution and according to the National Archives (2011) came in a series of gradual amendments which highlighted 26 additions/modifications pertaining to a variety of subjects. Some examples include the 22nd amendment which put term limits on the presidency or the17th amendment which dictated that there will be two senators from each state elected by the people and each senator shall have one vote. The next issue that will be discussed is how the structures of the government (Federalism, Presidential system, etc.) existed in the past and compare that with the function today. According to the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum publication the current role of an American president/presidential system can be broken down into six roles (Chief of State, Chief Executive, Commander-In Chief, Chief Diplomat, Legislative Leader and Leader of His Po litical party). The interesting difference that can be drawn from these roles is that the original president (George Washington) had no political party. From this perspective this represents a fundamental difference between the original role of the President and the current role of the President. Moreover as the increasingly globalized economy the roles of the president as a chief diplomat would be greatly expanded insofar as this would require greater exposure to a larger number of nations. In the relationship of states with the Federal government there have been a number of significant changes such as the growth in the number of states (From the original thirteen to fifty). Moreover there has been an increasing interdependency between states facilitated through such additions as railways, federal highways, etc. The final issue that will be covered is the way in which the federal government guaranteed or didn’t guarantee civil rights and liberties then; and the way in which they guarantee or don't guarantee civil rights and liberties today. Probably the most significant mechanism that guarantees the rights of citizens would be the incorporation of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution which ultimately became known as the Bill of rights. According to the United States National Archives (2011), the reasoning behind why this would be needed is largely owing to the fact that the original constitution did not lay out specifically what the

Continuous Emission Monitoring System

Continuous Emission Monitoring System Continuous Emission Monitoring System (SO2 Measuring on Emission Gas). Â   CE 2.1 In this career episode report, I would like to describe my experience in Continuous Emission Monitoring System designing. CEMS systems are used for measuring flue gas for oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to estimate the combustion control in industrial monitoring purpose. Nowadays it is considered as a standard to meet with various emission standards. Factories are operating CEMS system continuously to get the emission records and submit these data to respective state/federal authorities. BACKGROUND CE 2.2 Chemtrols is one of the leading solutions providers in Process Gas Analytics, Environment Safety and Emission Monitoring, Flow Measurementation, Chemical analysis and Automation, Instrumentation solutions, Data Handling and Fire safety Systems. It is a technology innovated company operated by a group of professionals having high technical abilities and proven project management track records. There are skilled teams to handling small to large assignments; they will deal numerous stages of the job such as design, procurement, integration, checking, troubleshooting, commissioning and maintenance. They successfully implemented many projects in various industries like Steel, Oil Gas, Cement, Power, Chemicals etc. as a specialized solution provider. CE 2.3 On 2010, I was assigned as the Senior Project Engineer of continuous emission monitoring project for Saint Gobin Glass Ltd. It was a prestigious moment for me working with Chemtrols since the projects were the first of its kind in Chennai India to measure the SO2 emission from the burning of flare stacks. The main objective of the proposed project included to designing of analyzer system, preparation of material specification, assembly with the analyser, calibration, testing, timely delivery and site supervision of complete analyzer package. I was assigned to reviewing the customer specification and inquiries to provide the feedback whether the facility was able to handle the job. I conducted multiple technical discussions with the customer to getting approval on documents, introducing changes/improvement to finalize the design before starting the fabrication. Due to various specific requirements from the customer during engineering stage, I had re-examined a lot of factors to achieve client requirements. Each and every time I have submitted a report to my supervisor about the cost, quality, functionality and schedule which were affected in the design. CE 2.4 I had performed the following activities to successfully complete the proposed project, I analyze the project requirement/purchase order and clarified the technical queries that have been pending during sales stage. Also defined the scope of work and materials to supply. I was authorized to generate the specification of materials required for the system and procure the same with the help of procurement team. I was assigning jobs to other team members those who involved in this project such as draftsman, production supervisors, fabricators, fitters, helpers, and electricians. I was responsible for scheduling the drafting team for preparing the engineering drawings. I prepared the weekly project status and monthly progress report to the organization as well as the customer for evaluation. These reports help me to review the project progress, budget and time schedule. I was conducted regular meeting with other team members to analyze the progress of individuals task and effectively deal all issues and difficulties to achieving the targets. I was frequently communicated with the client to confirm the design, quality, and progress of the jobs. I lead the team having engineering, fabrication, production and testing for the Analyser systems. I was started to compare similar equipment from different manufacturers based on project requirement. It helps me to measure the differences between price, quality, and reliability of it. I was rectified errors and mistakes made during engineering/fabrication and conduct an inquiry among my team to understand causes. After completion of each milestone, I conduct a group discussion session with my team members for an analysis about the same and guide them to achieve the next goal. CE 2.5 I have given the organizational structure of the proposed project in Fig 1 Fig 1: Organisation Structure of the Project 2. PERSONAL WORKPLACE ACTIVITY CE 2.6 Initially, this project was considered as a standard CEMS application similar to refinery flue gas stack. When I go through the detail of the project specification, I understood that it was totally dissimilar with refinery applications. The customer wants to measure Sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas content in the emitted gas to the atmosphere, then the measured SO2 reading to be recorded and submitted to State Pollution Control Board in a particular format suggested by them. As per State Pollution Control Board guideline, the SO2 range must be at least 2% lower than the limit. CE 2.7 After a lot of communication with the customer, I take an initiative to visit customer place with the project manager for a site survey to get a clear understanding of the site condition. I arranged a technical meeting with customers maintenance team. During the discussion, I understood more about the process and how it is non-identical with the emissions from other industries. There is a lot of highly dangerous gasses produced from the factory during normal operation. This is the cause of generating some corrosive gasses and acid upon contact with moisture. This gas is very harmful to human being and which may lead to blindness and other critical diseases. Due to the corrosive nature of this compound, I decided to use Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing and glass materials for the project instead of stainless steel tubes. Normally stainless steel tubes and fittings are used in analyzer system. All other components of the system such as Sample Probe, Sample Heat Tracer Line, Sample gas cooler, flow meter, tubes and tube fittings are also checked for the suitability to this application. CE 2.8 In addition to this, I carried out an in-depth study of all the industrial standards and statutory regulations relevant to the project. I did research through manuals, journals, technical documents, consult my colleagues and seniors those who are expert in such application. With the support of this knowledge, I take it as a challenge to get customer appreciation. I choose appropriate equipment and materials according to my calculations. I take safety and accuracy as my first consideration of designed objects. Also, I consider geographical aspects of the proposed site location, maintenance provisions, and accessibilities, emergency precautions of the designed object. I provide very easy and simple methods for the installation and operation of equipment. So my system was very user-friendly and even a non-skilled person also can understand easily. My job mainly involved the following activities: Prepare standard detail material list (BOQ) for analyzer system include the quantity of materials with part numbers and brand (such as the analyzers, valves, heater, cabinets, tubes with fittings, electrical components, junction boxes, calibration gas, control relay etc). Design the schematic of sample condition system which involves necessary functional requirement at a lower cost. On basis of this, I prepared the complete drawing of analyzer system such as general arrangement, electrical wiring, logic, control and safety features of the analyser system. Produce the necessary technical calculation for the system such as sample transportation time, wake frequency, utility consumption, and phase calculation. Compose the quality related documents such as quality assurance plan, inspection test plan, factory acceptance test procedure and site acceptance test procedure. I inspected the major component at manufacturers workshop and witness the performance of the same. I included different ways of environmental protection and fire safety measures. I estimate which equipment is to be reconstructed and which one should be replaced by the new equipment. All these documents are submitted to the customer for approval and get their acceptance before starting the procurement activities. I clarified various queries raised by the customer and get their acceptance with slight modification. All components were procured as per the project requirement. I was closely monitoring the purchase activities to ensure that all materials shall be suitable for the project and under the proposed costing. Also, review the material receipt to confirm that the received materials are in usable condition. We had supplied Stainless steel probe to the customer to withstand at a temperature about 500 Degree C and provided additional arrangement on the probe to filter the HF for sampling. I specially designed a sample probe for this project. Also, introduce a new fully customized sample gas cooler made with glass coil to avoid any corrosion in the future. If we used stainless Steel cooler, then it is corroded and damaged within a week time. Similarly, I supervis ed the production and testing activities to finish the project at the scheduled time period. I have scheduled my works always because I have to work with several disciplines at the same time. My schedule always helps to balance my works and concentrate my subordinate group on time. I provide necessary information to other engineers involved in this project from different departments. Submitted all design basis to an assigned certifying authorities to get approval. CE 2.9 Around one month before the scheduled factory acceptance test, the customer informed that there are some changes in process parameters at the sample take off point. They provided a new specification having a huge change with the existing parameters. I noticed that there is a huge amount of moisture content and solid particles in the new sample. As a result of this, sample transportation line will chock (block) within a week and our analyzer system will not provide any result. All designing activities are finished and around 75% of fabrication was finished. I requested the management to hold all the fabrication activities until I finish the basic calculation with the new specification provided by the customer. I did the lag time calculation, phase calculation, wake frequency calculation and utility consumption within one day and proposed some modification on the existing design. After consulting with the project manager, I shared the action plan with our customer and get the acceptanc e from them to proceed further. Then we restart the production and testing activities. CE 2.10 I did the following design changes to ensure that the analyzer system will work at the site without any issues. The inner diameter of the sample tube is increased to 10mm instead of 4mm to avoid blockage. Due to sample tube size change, sample transportation time also increased from 56 seconds to 152 seconds. I implement a high capacity pump on the transportation to maintain the project specified sample transportation time (less than one minute). Implement an automatic air cleaning (30 seconds in every two hours) facility on the sampling line. Install redundant filter arrangement nearby the sample tapping point. As a result of this, Client can do the maintenance on each filter without disturbing the analyzer system. Maintain the temperature of transportation line around 20 Deg C above the dew point to avoid the contamination (water formation) at sampling line. Provide a moisture removal system nearby analyzer to resist the passage of water content to the analyser. With the above-mentioned changes, factory acceptance test was performed on the scheduled date and shipped the system to the site. As a result of this hard work, I managed to finish this project a couple of days before the scheduled closing date. The supplied system was successfully installed and commissioned at the customer location. Our team work was highly successful. CE 2.11 I strictly follow the customer specifications at all times of engineering and preparing technical data sheets very carefully. This technique was assisting me to avoid the cost over-runs and bring forth a consistency in the progress of project execution. After site completion, I concluded all my learning point from this project. I arranged an internal meeting with my team for a project closing discussion and prepared the project closure report. The technical competency within our design team increased. I had done a detailed examination of a lot of equipment and materials to perform the best design. I was coordinated with different disciplines of customer liaise the modifications and changes both technically as well as commercially. SUMMARY CE 2.12 In Conclusion, I had contributed myself to complete this Analyser System with extra activities, spend more personnel time to finish. The customer was very much appreciated for this work and they also had a learning point from this project because they already procured similar Analyser system from other supplier and failed within 2 months of operation. After 1 year operation, I received a received a feedback from the customer that the equipment is working fine. These kinds of projects are very beneficial for me to become competent in terms of taking care of other subdivisions, clients, and domains. I was learned the techniques to manage all difficult situations arising at different stages of the project. Clear up this kind of situation improve my managerial and technical skills in scheduling, supervising, monitoring and execution of big projects. I got vast experience in my career during my tenure with this company. During this period, I understood Instrumentation Engineering in depth and got a lot of opportunities to do what I had learned from my course.

Miss Caroline?s First Day Essay -- essays research papers

Miss Caroline’s First Day It was the first day of school for many in Maycomb, including myself. I had just moved from a college in Winston Country. Almost 30 years have past since that day in Maycomb when I first saw the school I was to be teaching at. The classroom smelt stale after being closed up for the whole summer, as I met my students who I would teach for the next year. The one child I remember most had a trail of dirty footprints leading to his desk. The little horror looked like he was straight from the pig pen. After a hectic morning, the children were coming inside from the playground. The filthy child I noticed in the morning, walked past. He smelled of farmyard animals. I can still recall his stench now some 30 years on. I was fascinated by the filthiness of his hands which were the colour of the earth, which had so distracted me that I didn’t even notice a massive insect which ambushed me from his head of grimy hair. â€Å"It’s alive!† I exclaimed with horror. The children rushed to my attention, one child shut the door so we could swiftly execute the creature. The children fired a million questions at me about the creature’s whereabouts, but all I could do it unsteadily point at the unclean boy with grimy hair. â€Å"You mean him ma’am? Yes, he’s alive,† only something a child could say. I told him about the insect and how it crawled out of the boy’s hair. The boy seamed to find it amusing that I was scared of the creature they called a cootie. He assured me that there...

The Alternative Fuel Race: Which One Will Go the Distance?

Since the discovery of fire a million years ago, man has gone a long way in developing sources of energy to support his way of living. Of the world’s current energy sources, about 95% come from fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum. (Cunningham & Saigo, 1997). With issues such as pollution, global warming, and energy conservation, alternative fuel sources emerged, with the competitive vision of erasing the need for fossil fuels in cars.Implementing an alternative for petroleum in vehicles entails many concerns, such as availability, cost of production, energy output, and level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Farrell et al. , 2006; Hill et al. , 2006). At present, ethanol, battery power, and hybrids are available as alternative fuel sources for passenger vehicles. The question now is: which of these three has what it takes to replace fossil fuels? This research paper aims to give an overview of three alternative fuel options for passenger vehicles existing to day: ethanol, battery power, and hybrid cars.The data and issues presented in this paper should provide information to the general public about the pros and cons of each, and hopefully will aid in the decision as to which alternative fuel is the best option for possibly replacing fossil fuels in passenger cars. To examine each alternative fuel option, the researcher uses information gathered from peer-reviewed journals and news articles published within the past decade. Each of the three topics for investigation is first defined before data is presented and interpreted.The data covers a brief explanation of each fuel option, including statistics and results from studies conducted on them. Also included in this report are economic and environmental pros and cons of the three presented options for passenger cars. This paper does not give mention to the implications of ethanol, battery power, and hybrids on industries other than passenger vehicles. Furthermore, this research does not c over political and cultural issues affecting the implementation of alternative fuels.

Intervention For Children With Autism Children And Young People Essay Essays

Intervention For Children With Autism Children And Young People Essay Essays Intervention For Children With Autism Children And Young People Essay Essay Intervention For Children With Autism Children And Young People Essay Essay The intent of this Literature reappraisal is to place the literature available on my research subject. The reappraisal will incorporate a brief account of Autism and a short description of Early Intervention and its purposes. The reappraisal will besides give a definition of Art Therapy and an penetration into its background and intent. Furthermore, the chief intent of this reappraisal is to look at the benefits of art therapy when used as an early intercession for kids with Autism. Autism is a neurodevelopment upset that impairs communicating accomplishments and causes troubles in societal interactions and organizing relationships ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autismireland.ie/ ) . Autism which was one time considered a rare upset now affects about 1 in every 88 kids ; it affects boys more frequently than misss ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autismireland.ie/ ) .Autism is frequently characterised by the repetitive and obsessional behaviors present in the kid ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autismireland.ie/ ) .However, Nicole Martin ( 2009 ) describes in her book that although the feature of kids with autism implies that they do non hunger or human contact or attending that in fact the autistic kid desires fondness and human contact ( Nicole Martin 2009, Art as an Early Intervention Tool for Children with Autism ) . Early intercession is frequently used as a tool when working with kids that are on the Autistic Spectrum. It was introduced between 1970 and 1980 in America ( Bryson, S A ; Fombonne, E A ; Rogers, S, 2003 ) . Early intercession purposes to better the development of Autistic kids by utilizing assorted therapies and programmes for illustration linguistic communication therapy helps to better communicating development ( Bryson, S A ; Fombonne, E A ; Rogers, S, 2003 ) . There is a broad scope of therapies used as a portion of early intercession programmes, one of which is Art Therapy. Art therapy is a signifier of psychotherapeutics that uses art media as its primary manner of communicating ( www.baat.org ) Art therapy which was created in the 1940 s, it is a curative attack to art and is frequently used as an intercession for rational disablements such as Autism ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arttherapy-co.org ) . It incorporates the usage of assorted art tools such as clay, drama, sand and pigment. It offers kids with Autism a manner of showing their ideas and feelings through art and facial look ; it fulfils centripetal demands every bit good as communicating demands and allows for a ocular based therapy that is more appropriate for kids with Autism ( hypertext transfer protocol: //autism.about.com ) . Art therapy besides benefits the autistic kid as it provides for the development of societal accomplishments ( hypertext transfer protocol: //autism.about.com ) . The undermentioned literature reappraisal aims to analyze if art therapy is good when used as an early intercession for kids with autism. Art therapy is used all over Ireland, it is frequently found in administration such as Brother of Charity or other services that aim to better the quality of life for people with disablements. It both possible for public and private usage. A questionnaire conducted in Britain by the British Association or Art Therapists, it looked into how many people know about art therapy intervention options which 68 % answered yes excessively ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.baat.org ) . They were asked: do they cognize how to entree to an art healer whom 82 % besides answered yes ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.baat.org ) . Finally it examined whether they found it helpful which 94 % of people answered yes ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.baat.org ) . This questionnaire allows for an penetration on how people set abouting Art Therapy feel about it and its benefits, therefore suggestions further research will be utile. It is indispensable for societal attention practician to understand the benefits of art therapy for kids with autism, therefore the ground for the importance of researching art therapy as an early intercession for kids with Autism. Therefore by set abouting this research it will construct on old research by join forcesing yesteryear and present findings of the benefits of art therapy as an early intercession. The research diary Art as an Intervention for Autism by Melinda J. Emery ( 2004 ) addresses two specific research inquiries. First, is art therapy every bit good as an early intercession as it claims? Second, what aspects of the kid s development are focused on during the undertakings of art therapy? The focal point of the research diary was a instance survey of a 6 twelvemonth old male child diagnosed with Autism who began to utilize art therapy as an intercession. The survey hypothesized the benefits such as communicating accomplishments, societal accomplishments and betterment of motor accomplishments, which are gained during the procedure when art therapy is used as an intercession and explores the growing in development through-out the procedure. The consequence of the instance survey supported the hypothesis that benefits are gained and the growing in development during the procedure of art therapy as an intercession. The survey outlined the betterments of the male child s motor accomplishments, societal accomplishments, communicating and linguistic communication accomplishments. However the survey did consist of a restriction, some of which are how it did non discourse how the male child s look of his feelings and ideas developed and besides it merely consisted of one kid and one gender. The findings may hold been different if the survey was carried out with a immature miss with Autism. In order to obtain this information a book on the subject was considered. The book Art Therapy with Children on the Autistic Spectrum: Beyond Wordss by Dubowski and Evans ( 2001 ) explains how autistic kids do non develop linguistic communication accomplishments in early life and how they frequently find it hard to show and understand their feelings. Dubowski and Evans ( 2001 ) depict how art therapy provides this mercantile establishment for a kid with autism through what the kid creates. It has been noticed in the art work of an autistic kid that it frequently shapes an emotion the kid could be experiencing. To turn out this theory Dubowski and Evans ( 2001 ) undertook several instance surveies one of which was a miss aged 8 old ages, it provided similar to before that art therapy aid develop many countries for her such as communications accomplishments and societal accomplishments. The instance survey consequences showed that the benefits of art therapy exist whether introduced to male or female kids. It besides showed that the benefits of art therapy are more evident in younger kids with Autism. Kathleen Marie Epp provinces in her article Outcome-Based Evaluation of a Social Skills Program utilizing Art Therapy and Group Therapy forA Children on the Autism Spectrum ( 2008 ) another benefit of Art therapy is that Art Therapy provides a manner of visually work outing jobs. As Autistic kids find it hard to understand other people s sentiments, by utilizing Art therapy is has been seen to assist the kid develop an apprehension of other people s position. To reason, Art therapy can profit kids with autism in a figure of ways such as development of linguistic communication accomplishments i.e. communicating, societal accomplishment which enables relationships to be formed, a manner of showing ideas and feelings and centripetal integrating. Through-out the procedures of Art therapy it is clear kids with Autism benefit more when introduced as an early intercession. In add-on, the literature has provided a great trade of information and has proven that farther research is possible.

The Effect of Competition, Jit and Tqm Essays

The Effect of Competition, Jit and Tqm Essays The Effect of Competition, Jit and Tqm Essay The Effect of Competition, Jit and Tqm Essay 2005: 323). In this context, it will be possible to state two types of criteria conteming the performance measurement in organizations. These are financial and nonfinancial performance criteria. Financial criteria evaluate the performance in terms of monetary assets gained and therefore attach importance to the result. On the other hand, a non-financial criterion evaluate the performance in terms of units or divisions and work processes in a company and highlights the actions that provide final financial result and enable its sustainability. Its possible to separate performance criteria theoretically, but both are linked practically. In fact, firms are organizations in business to make a profit, but today it is possible to argue that there are various functions in organizations and therefore financial performance is likely to be affected much more by non-financial processes. Hence, performance measurement has to have a structure containing both flnancial and non-financial criteria. (Wruck and Jensen, 1998:401^23). Due to its effect on how successful firms are, performance measurement system has to contain accurate and reliable information, which is so critical to business organizations because of its roles in future planning, evaluation of targets and actual results, and decision-making matters affecting employees are all based on the strength of the information contained in performance measurement evaluative processes. However, the more important point needing to be noted here is that generally the meaning of performance for organizations has become limited to only profitability or financial incomes. Undoubtedly, firms are profltbased organizations, but more than that, they have to be sustainable. Making profitability sustainable depends on managers abilities to see all developments in and around firms and evaluate them according to future results. So, this underlines that the concept of performance should not be confined only to financial results, but also should have a wide meaning including the non-financial criteria as well. Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a performance measurement model, which was proposed as a result of this obligation. Three reasons for using multiple performance measures are: (1) perceived limitations in traditional accounting-based measures, (2) Fisher (1995) ndicates that many firms believe that financial measures are too historical and backward-looking, lack predictive ability to explain future The Effect of Competition, Just In Time Production and Total Quality 37 Management on the Use of Multiple Performance Measures: An Empirical Study increasing competitive pressure and (3) applying new management techniques like TQM and JIT needed for non-financial measures (Itner and Larcker, 1998: 217-218). Performance should therefore not be interpreted only as profit-focused activities but also as non-financial activities directed toward obtaining or following profit process. This kind of new comprehension on performance measures points to changing perception of firms toward performance. In this context, improvements in information technology make it easy to observe internal and external business processes, consequently making it possible to apply BSC. (Donovan, 1-3). Hitherto studies have shown that the use of non-financial performance measures by the firms is directly related to such variables as market competition, computer aided production, new production techniques, the structure of firm (size, culture, technological situation and adopted strategy etc. ) and sector structure. The aim of this study is to determine whether the multidimensional performance measures are used or not by the manufactures of top 500 firms in Turkey and if theyre used, to define the relationship between multidimensional performance measures and. firms market position, market competitive density degree, JIT and TQM practices. In this context, first the literature and the developed hypotheses on the subject will be reviewed and then the designation of sampling and factor analysis, descriptive statistics, multi-correlation and multinomial logistic regression analysis results will be described together with the results from our empirical study. 2. Literature Review and Hypotheses 2. 1. Literature Review Many factors contribute to why many firms prefer non-fihancial performance measures. In view of this, some researchers suggest that the preference for these measures on a large scale is related to the enterprises operational and competitive structure (Said, et. l. , 2003: 193-223), others suggest that this preference can be related to the JIT, TQM and CAM structure (Hoque, et. al 2001: 23-45). Similarly, while many reported that the use of multiple performance measures is relevant only to the strategic preference of managers (Malina and Selto, 2001:48; Govindarajan and performance, reward short-term or incorr ect behaviour, provide little information on root causes or solutions to problems, and give inadequate consideration to difficult to quantify intangible assets such as intellectual capital. 38 Melek Eker Fikri Pala Gupta, 1985: 51-66), some reports demonstrate that an enterprises environmental conditions affect this preference. On this subject, for example. Hoque (2004) found that there was a meaningful relationship between environmental uncertainties and the preference for these measures. Chenhall and Morris (1986: 16-35) found that organizations prefer nonfmancial management accounting systems to cope with high environmental uncertainties effectively. The use of multiple performance measures and its positive effect on production performance are demonstrated in another section of the literature. For example. Banker, Potter and Schroeder (1993: 33-55) stated that multidimensional performance measurement system reports presented to the personnel in production line was positively associated with the implementation of modem management techniques such as JIT, Team Work and TQM. However, Chenhall (1997: 187-206), Callen, et al. (2005: 271309), Itner and Larcker (1995: 1-34) examined the use of BSC together with the aforementioned modem techniques and argued that enterprises using the TQM/JIT and non-financial (production performance) measurements together have reached a higher performance than other firms without these measurements. Additionally, many studies examine the positive contribution of multiple performance measures on the general enterprise performance from the fmancial perspective. For example, Davies Albright (2004: 135-153) and Dilber et al (2005: 220) argued that there is a meaningful positive relationship between the use of BSC and high-level fmancial performance. In an empirical study by James, Hoque (2000: 1-17) demonstrates that the use of BSC increases general enterprise performance, but this increase is not associated with organization size, product life circle, or market position. Lingle and Schiemann (1996: 56-61) found that enterprises managed by measurements reached a higher fmancial performance level, a higher industrial position and a higher level in the management process relative to enterprises that are not managed by measurements. Ittnera, Larckera and Randalb (2003: 715-741) indicated that the enterprises placing more emphasis on measurement and variety have acquired a much higher stock exchange income. Perera, Harrison and Poole (1997: 557-572) argue that the use of non-financial measures show significant associations with customer focused strategy, but not the link to organizational performance. Apart from studies examining BSC effects on general enterprise performance, other studies have examined the enterprises suitable working The Effect of Competition, Just In Time Production and Total Quality 39 Management on the Use of Multiple Performance Measures: An Empirical Study conditions as an effective performance measurement tool in BSC. For instance, Cavalluzzo and Ittnera (2004: 243-267) state that organizational factors such as willingness in the top management directed at the use of performance knowledge, decision making and training in the subject of performance measurement techniques have a positive effect on measurement system development and usage. Also, Moers (2005: 67-80) called significant attention to the positive relationship between the variety of performance measures and the degree of perfection with bias during the performance evaluation. It is clear that the bias mentioned here indicates a pre-cognitive accumulation directed at performance measurement. On the other hand, Krumwiede (1998: 239-278) suggested that organizations with higher quality information systems could implement new measurement systems comfortably relative to companies with less sophisticated information systems. Thus, he suggests that this highlights the linear relationship between opportunities for existing information systems and the success of implementation. In addition, he draws attention to managers^ who are satisfied with information from the existing system that might not be willing to invest in new systems. This will give way to the development of a negative relationship between the system and its implementation. Briefly, these studies, within a framework related to literature conceming multidimensional performance measurement system, draw attention to the use of multiple performance measures by enterprises associated with the anagers preference, specifically, the enterprise managers scientific level, organizational culture, environmental conditions, technological developments, new management techniques, enterprise performance and indirectly, stock exchange incomes. Our study considers the relationship between the four dimensions that occur in BSC (financial, customer, internal business processes, learning and growth); a) with the enterprises position in the market, b) with the level of competition in the market, c) with the JIT pra ctices and d) with the TQM practices. 2. 2. Variables and Hypotheses 2. . 1. Balanced Scorecard BSC created firstly by Kaplan and Norton in 1992 at the end of pursuits on altemative planning, control and performance measurement system in 40 Melek Eker Fikri Pala management accounting, is an efficient management tool (Kaplan and Norton: 1992). The target is to enable managers to obtain comprehensive viewpoint about overall business and in this way help them focus more on critical activities that are supposed to improve the organizational strategy of the firm (Wongrassamee, et. al. 2003: 18). In that way, BSC undertakes two crucial functions. First is being a strategic guide for department managers. Second is being communication and strategic planning tool describing the link between financial and nonfinancial criteria as a guide for firms (Kaplan and Norton 1996; Kaplan and Atkinson, 1998: 367-375; Atkinson, Kaplan and Young: 2004; Simons: 2000). Using BSC provides some opportunities to managers on subjects like ability to evaluate changes around a firm, to determine and evaluate the processes of the aims of a firm, to check whether internal performance targets are achieved or not and sustaining the continuation of improvements, in the final analysis. Four dimensions of BSC and derived indicators have created these opportunities. These four dimensions or perspectives will be explained briefiy. Financial performance measures; they are the focal point for the target and measures of other three perspectives in BSC. In this sense, financial performance measures can be considered as the outcome of operational activities (Rao: 2000). Therefore, each selected measure should be a part of the cause-and-effect relationship leading to an improvement in financial performance. These measures are items such as sales amount, market share, new customers, new markets, cash now, return on capital, etc. (Morrow, 1992: 145). Customer performance measures; today, being customer-focused is one of important items for firms, so at the same time its a kind of important expression of vision and mission. In this sense specific measures reflecting critical factors like time, quality, cost should be determined. Customer satisfaction, improving costumer loyalty, gaining new customers, customer profitability, and market and customer shares in targeted scope are basic measures. Internal operation measures; these are obtained from critical success factors which are effective on providing shareholder and customer satisfaction by focusing on work processes and activities (Keegan, Eiler and The Effect of Competition, Just In Time Production and Total Quality 41 Management on the Use of Multiple Performance Measures: An Empirical Study Jones, 1989: 45-49). But, the most important point here is that to create value for both customer and shareholder, it is necessary to define and measure an exact intemal operation value chain at the designing and development stage, production and commercializing (Eker, 2004:128). These measures include the duration of presenting new product to the market, number of new products, sales percentage of new products, rate of defect, duration of production, production cost, just-in-time delivery, etc. Leaming and growth measures; making real the ideals related with financial, customer and intemal operations highly depend on the learning and growth capacity of an organization. In leaming and growth measures especially, it investigates and measures what sort of methods to be followed for increasing the growth of intemal operation methods, which measures are employee satisfaction, productivity and sustainability ofthe employees. 2. 2. 2. Market Competition One of the distinguishing factors of the use of multiple performance measures by the firms is the competition environment in the market. As the market competition increases, the firms are likely to need multidimensional performance measurement system more than before in rder not to lose their power and market share. Also, the measures included in multidimensional performance measurement system (BSC) are known to increase the level of competitiveness by monitoring the static and dynamic capabilities of the firms (Hoque, Mia and Alam, 2001: 26). If its considered that the world has become a single market in global scale, in such a condition, its necessary for a firm to have the capability of offering speedy customer service (reliability), high quality and low cost, different and new product/service in order to be dominant in its own sector. Furthermore, all these need to be supported by total and coordinated organization efforts and also by performance measurement systems serving the same objectives within the organization. BSC is not only satisfied with following the financial performance of the firm, but it could also be functional by monitoring non-financial performances like customer satisfaction, renewal via quality production, which are essential to sustaining the competitive advantage (Otiey, 1999: 363-382; Howell and Soucy, 1987: 27; Trussel and Bitnet, 1998:441). 2 Melek Eker Fikri Pala 2. 2. 3 Just-In-Time Production It is possible to observe that traditional performance measurement system is inconsistent with JIT system benefiting from technological innovations at a maximum level and also that it prevents or hides broadbased effectiveness of new production methods. In this sense, the restrictions of traditional measurement system in JIT environment might be listed as follows: Continuous development in produc tion process is basic element in JIT manufacturing environment. To reach this aim easily, its intended to make flow of production possible with minimal parties and decreasing stock levels to a minimum. Yet, production and productivity measures of traditional understanding have reported that the productivity is low when small-lot production is made (Drury, 1990: 40-41). For this reason, traditional accounting system suggests increasing batch capacity rather than decreasing lot size, which leads to raising stock levels, long supply process, ihcreasing cost and declining customer satisfaction (DonoVah, 2-3; Mcnair, Lynch and Cross, 1990: 29). As in standard costing, appropriate operational control of traditional accounting system cannot be carried out in todays production environment (Allott, 2000: 54-56; Cheatham and Cheatham: 1996; Ezzamel, 1992: 117). Besides, due to the reliability and consistency of manufacturing processes in JIT environment, deviations do not exist or exist in quite low level and it also leads to less use of deviation analyses. JIT manufacturing system changes will bring about changes in information requirements (Upton, 1998:110). As it is known, normally traditional performance reporting is prepared monthly or weekly and cannot detect on time real reasons of processes that are not realized as expected. Yet, in JIT production system there is a possibility of short production cycle, so it requires information for the problems coming out in accordance with one-day or real time principal. In current production environment, direct labor cost is between 5%15% of total product cost. In this sense, traditional accounting system is likely to exaggerate the importance of labor cost and The Effect of Competition, Just In Time Production and Total Quality 43 Management on the Use of Multiple Performance Measures: An Empirical Study ignores the control and measurement methods of increasing general production costs. Another limitation of traditional accounting system is its failure in reporting the criteria such as quality, reliability, supply duration, flexibility, and customer satisfaction (Johnson, 1990:63). As a result of this, management and the employees are encouraged to focus only on costs rather than those critical success factors. Consequently, JIT production system is in need of a performance measurement system that will follow, measure and report critical success factors such as production and delivery time, quality, flexibility, cost efficiency and continuous development(Fullerton, 2003: 40; Mcllhattan, 1987: 25-26). In current environment, which is dominated by a flexible, dynamic, and process-oriented roduction understanding, JIT production system cannot perform its functions including result-focused traditional performance measurement system, measuring, evaluating and reporting of operational actions in order to be successful. Therefore, performance measurement system of a corporate using Just-in-time production system should support basic variations such as increasing product or service quality, continuous development and reducing the losses (Hendricks, 1994: 27). BSC meets the new management requirements because of its following qualifications: (1) focusing long term perspective instead of short term perspective; (2) performing data both in fmancial and non-financial/operational dimensions; (3) being timely and ready for usage instead of being prepared for terms; (4) being easy to understand and apply; (5) immediately answering/adapting the changes in the production process, (6) transforming the firm strategy to operational measures (Santari, 1987: 27). 2. 2. Total Quality Management TQM does produce value, through a variety of benefits: improved understanding of customers needs; improved customer satisfaction; improved intemal communication; better problem-solving; greater employee commitment and motivation; stronger relationships with suppliers; fewer errors; and reduced waste (Powell, 1995: 15-37). In order to get this value and to ensure the success of the system, the features of the performance measurement system of the businesses applyi ng the system should be: (Kaydos, 1999: 150) 44 Melek Eker Fikri Pala to focus the attention of managers on the satisfaction of foreign and domestic customers to produce assumptions on strategy to detect the unforeseen quality and wasting problems to provide objective information for priority-setting to receive support from managers and employees for further changes when they see concrete improvements in performance to increase the loyalty of employees by encouraging managers to delegate their authority Taking all these features into account, it is seen that BSC is in compliance with what is expected from a performance measurement system in the context of TQM. Because there is a reciprocal relationship between BSC and TQM as the former makes the latter more efficient through its applications. Accordingly, BSC makes TQM more efficient in the following matters: (Kaplan and Norton, 2001:376) Firstly, it complements the intemal processes where the progressive elements with critical importance for the strategic success are found. TQM is implemented in many businesses; however, the effects of its implementation can be determined neither in financial terms nor in terms of the performance with respect to the customer, and the implementation remains limited to the department or unit level. BSC, on the other hand, identifies the processes that are important for the strategy as well as the priorities in these processes. Moreover, it also determines whether the process developments focus on such important issues as cost-cutting, quality improvement and shortening of production cycle, or not. Secondly, BSC identifies the non-financial quality measures regarding the quality costs and prepares reports on a daily or real-time basis, and it can find out the real causes of the unfulfilled transactions (Sinclair and Zairi, 2000: 156-157). Therefore, BSC proves to be a crucial resource, which provides continuous and acctirate feedback to managers and employees, in meeting customer expectations, improvement of processes and reporting of quality performance measures. Thirdly, BSC urges managers to develop business processes in order to achieve successful outputs for customers and shareholders, and to create value. Within this framework, a perpetual relationship between quality and the financial outputs is made possible. Based on the above studies, we posit that increasing application of JIT and TQM, as well as intense market competition, would prompt greater The Effect of Competition, Just In Time Production and Total Quality 45 Management on the Use of Multiple Performance Measures: An Empirical Study multiple performance measures usage. Therefore, the following hypotheses are proposed: Hypothesis 1 : The greater emphasis on the use of multidimensional performance measurements by the management will be associated with a more intensely competitive environment. Hypothesis 2: The greater emphasis on the use of multidimensional performance measurements by the management will be related to a greater application of JIT. Hypothesis 3: The greater emphasis on the use of multidimensional performance measurements by the management will be associated with a greater application of TQM. 3. Research Methodology 3. 1. The Nature of the Research This study depends on the data related to 430 manufacture firms of the top 500 in Turkey. The data forms were delivered between the dates of 01 January- 30 June by post and mailed to the top managers (general manager or vice general managers) of manufacture firms that participated in this study. The survey forms return rate was 28. 3% (122). The manufacturing activity of the firms is depicted in Table 1. 6 Melek Eker Fikri Pala Table 1: Profile of respondents by manufacturing activity Manufacturing Activity Frequency 25 15 1 10 12 6 6 13 7 20 1 6 121 Percent 20,5 12,3 ,8 8,2 9,8 4,9 4,9 10,7 5,7 16,4 ,8 4,9 99,2 Valid Percent 20,7 12,4 ,8 8,3 . 9,1 5,0 5,0 10,7 Cumulative Percent 20,7 33,1 33,9 42,1 51,2 56,2 61,2 71,9 77,7 94,2 95,0 100,0 1 Textile, clothing and foo twear 2 Food and allied products 3 Drink and tobacco 4 Construction 5 Petroleum and chemicals 6 Plastic products 7 Metal Wares 8 Machinery 9 Wood and paper products 10 Automotive and spare part 11 Glass products 12 Electronic products TOTAL 5,8 6,5 ,8 5,0 100,0 As can be seen from the table, manufacturing activity distribution was realised in the following order, 20,7% textile, clothing and footwear, 16,5% automotive and spare parts, 12,4% food and allied products and 10. 7% machinery sector. 3. 2. Data Collection Tools The survey form, which was developed to collect the research data, was comprised of three parts. In the first part, it is aimed at defining the usage level of JIT and TQM practices. Within this framework, participants were requested to designate their choose not used, partly used, used, rather used and used at high level. The second part consisted of 5 questions, which were directed at defining the firms market situation and the competition level in the market. Within this framework, participants were requested to mark each term very bad, bad, average, good and very good for each denotation which occurred between 1 and 5. In the last section, the diversity of measurement is measured with an adapted version of the instrument used by Hoque and James (2000) and Hoque et al. (2001). The aforementioned BSC approach was comprised of four sub-dimensions, such as financial, customer, intemal business processes and leaming and growth and a total of 20 items. The participants were requested to designate whether their firms used the aforementioned measures. For this, the likert scale, in which the choices between 1 and 5 were not used at all. The Effect of Competition, Just In Time Production and Total Quality 47 Management on the Use of Multiple Performance Measures: An Empirical Study partly used, used, used rather a lot, and used very much. The reliability analysis was performed to test the consistency of BSC s survey results. The alpha coefficient was found to be 90%. No variable was negatively associated with the . total correlation. The data showed strong internal consistency. 3. 3. Data Analysis In this study, the data was entered into SPSS 13 for data analysis. Factor analysis, descriptive statistics, multi- correlation and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed. 3. 3. 1 Factor Analysis Exploratory factor analysis was used to designate the factors which form the sub dimensions of BSC. Firstly, KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) sampling adequacy measure was calculated for determining the convenience of data for factor analysis. KMO varies from 0 to 1. This measure shows that sampling is convenient for factor analysis when it is close to 1 and it shows that sampling is not convenient for factor analysis when it is under 0. 50. In the analysis the KMO sampling sufficiency has been calculated as 0. 803, this shows that this sampling has sufficient size. We use basic components and varimax rotating technique to carry out factor analysis. The obtained factor analysis results were examined, because the factor burden related to the market share measure in the second and third factors and the factor burden related to the employees satisfaction measure in the second and fourth factors that have almost the same burdens, analysis has been done again excluding these two variables. At the end of the analysis 5 factors have been determined whose Eigen value is above 1. Five factors explained 69. 857 % of the total variance. Factor 1 explained most proportion of the total variance (17. 098 %) and consisted of variables which contained internal business processes measures. Factor 2 explained 14. 381% of the total variance and consisted of variables, which were related to customer performance measures-I. Factor 3 explained . 13. 582% of the total variance and consisted of variables, which were related to financial performance measures. Factor 4 explained 13. 495% of the total variance and factor 5 explained 11. 301% of the total variance and they consisted of variables, which were related to learning and 48 Melek Eker Fikri Pala growth measures and customer performance measures-II, respectively. Table 2 shows groups of questions. Table 2: Rotated Component Matrix Factor Factor Factor Performance Measurement 1 3 2 Items Internal Business Measures ,839 Rate of material scrap loss Ratio of good output to total ,748 output at each Production process ,667 Manufacturing lead time ,613 Materials efficiency variance ,546 Labour efficiency variance Customer Performance Measures-I ,745 Customer response time ,694 Number of warranty claims ,662 On-time delivery ,609 Survey of customer satisfaction ,562 Number of customer complains Financial Performance Measures ,873 Sales growth ,827 Operating income ,576 Return-on-investment Learning and Growth Measures Number of new product launches Time-to-market new products Number of new patents Customer Performance Measures -II Percentage of shipments returned Due to poor quality Number of overdue deliveries Factor 4 Factor 5 ,831 ,824 ,736 ,774 ,742 The analysis carried out on performance measures was also performed respectively on competitive factors. According to this, alpha co efficient was calculated as 58% for competitive factors. KMO sampling adequacy measure was 0,561 therefore sampling was convenient for factor The Effect of Competition, Just In Time Production and Total Quality 49 Management on the Use of Multiple Performance Measures: An Empirical Study analysis. Also, significant level of Bartlett test was calculated as 0,00. Consequently, both tests showed that factor analysis could be applied to data. In the factor analysis, principal component analysis and none rotation technique were used. At the end of the analysis 2 factors have been determined which have Eigen value above 1. Two factors explained 65. 972% of the total variance. Factor 1 explained most proportion of the total variance 38. 186% and Factor 2 explained 27. 786% of the total variance. In the results of factor analysis the first factor is named firms market situation and the second factor as market competitive density level. Table 3: Rotated Component Matrix 1. Factor ,867 ,824 ,683 ,820 ,810 2. Factor Competition for Marketing Competition for Market Share Competition for New Product Development Competitors Power Number of Competitors in the Industry 3. 3. 2. Descriptive Statistics related to the Variables and Correlation Analysis In Table 4, the BSC and sub-dimension averages, minimum, maximum values and standard deviations of the firms are presented. The firms usage points of overall multidimensional performance measures are between 38 and 100; the average usage point was 74. 751. When the BSC subdimensions were analysed, the financial measures were between 6 and 15 and the average was 12. 8525. The customer measures usage points were between 17 and 40 and the average was 30. 5656. The intemal business process measures usage points varied between 7 and 25 and the average was 18. 9174. The learning and growth measures usage points were between 4 and 20 and the average was 12. 6148. These average figures show us that the firms use the financial performance measures (86%), customer performance measures (76%), and intemal business processes measures (75%) at a rather high level and teaming and growth measures at a medium level. 50 Melek Eker Fikri Pala Table 4 : BSC and Sub Dimensions Averages, Minimum, Maximum Values Mean Standard Cronbach N Theoretical Minimum Maximum No deviation alpha of range items ,572 18,3639 2,40303 2,2 21,2 Competition 122 5 5-25 Factors 3,57 1,191 1 1 5 JIT 117 1-5 1,144 1 1 4,08 TQM 121 1-5 5 74,7951 12,64842 ,905 20-100 38 100 Overall 122 20 Multidimensional Performance Measures ,762 15 12,8525 2,07970 122 3 3-15 6 Financial Performance Measures 40 30,5656 5,46361 ,787 Customer 122 8-40 8 17 Performance Measures 18,9174 4,23396 ,849 Intemal Business 121 5-25 25 5 7 Measures 4 122 4 20 12,6148 3,88352 ,813 Learning and 4-20 Growth Measures Variable Table 5 shows a correlation matrix for all variables. As proposed, the overall use of multiple performance measures is positively and significantly correlated with firms market situation, market competitive density level, JIT and TQM practices and the correlations were 0,425 (p