Communication Accomodation Theory Essay -- Communication

The Communication Accommodation Theory states when people interact they alter their speech to fit in or accommodate for other. CAT describes the psychological, social, and linguistic behaviors that people exhibit when communicating with each other (Coupland, Coupland, Giles, Henwood, 1988). Each individual has his or her own personality and motivation when involved in a conversation, this attribute are reflected in how the individual speaks, listens and then responds to the other person involved in the conversation. According to this theory, communication between two people can at any time be adjusted by either party in response to actual, perceived, or stereotyped expectations of the other person (Coupland, et al., 1988). This means that either party can change their communication style based on what they feel or pick up on during the conversation. The CAT theory can help understand how humans interact with one another while communicating. CAT is based on the premise that speakers and listeners unconsciously and mutually modify their linguistic (e.g., language choice, vocabulary) and/or paralinguistic (e.g., dialect, tone of voice, speech rate) behaviors to become more similar to (convergence) or different from (divergence) their interactional partners (Giles, Mulac, Bradac, & Johnson, 1987). Convergence strategies signal interactants' positive attitudes toward each other, such as increasing attractiveness and approval or showing solidarity, whereas divergence strategies accentuate differences between interactants (Giles et al., 1987). CAT is based on the idea that people with unknowingly modify their language to become more similar or from the person they are communicating with. Convergence usually occurs when the sp... ....), Language and social psychology. (pp.45-65) Hordila - Vatamanescu, E., & Pana, A. (2010). The Application of the Communication Accommodation Theory to Virtual Communities: A Preliminary Research on the Online Identities. International Journal Of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(4), 279-290. Jones, E., Gallois, C., Callan, V., & Barker, M. (1999). Strategies of accommodation: development of a coding system for conversational interaction. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18(2), 123-152. Krippendorff, Klaus (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Myers, P., Giles, H., Reid, S. A., & Nabi, R. L. (2008). Law Enforcement Encounters: The Effects of Officer Accommodativeness and Crime Severity on Interpersonal Attributions are mediated by Intergroup Sensitivity. Communication Studies, 59(4), 291-305.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

I am going to prove that in the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed often(and with different meanings), and that it is a symbol that is developed until it is the dominating theme of the play towards the end of it. To begin with, I found the word "blood", or different forms of it forty-two times (ironically, the word fear is used forty-two times), with several other passages dealing with the symbol. Perhaps the best way to show how the symbol of blood changes throughout the play, is to follow the character changes in Macbeth. First he is a brave honoured soldier, but as the play progresses, he becomes a treacherous person who has become identified with death and bloodshed and shows his guilt in different forms. The first reference of blood is one of honour, and occurs when Duncan sees the injured sergeant and says "What bloody man is that?". This is symbolic of the brave fighter who been injured in a valiant battle for his country. In the next passage, in which the sergeant says "Which smok''d with bloody execution", he is referring to Macbeth''s braveness in which his sword is covered in the hot blood of the enemy. After these few references to honour, the symbol of blood now changes to show a theme of treachery and treason. Lady Macbeth starts this off when she asks the spirits to "make thick my blood,". What she is saying by this, is that she wants to make herself insensitive and remorseless for the deeds which she is about to commit. Lady Macbeth knows that the evidence of blood is a treacherous symbol, and knows it will deflect the guilt from her and Macbeth to the servants when she says "smear the sleepy grooms with blood.", and "If he do bleed, I''ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt." When Banquo states "and question this most bloody piece of work," and Ross says "is''t known who did this more than bloody deed?", they are both inquiring as to who performed the treacherous acts upon Duncan. When Macbeth is speaking about Malcolm and Donalbain, he refers to them as "bloody cousins" A final way, and perhaps the most vivid use of the symbol blood, is of the theme of guilt. First Macbeth hints at his guilt when he says "Will all great Neptune''s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?", meaning that he wondered if he would ever be able to forget the dastardly deed that he had committed. Then the ghost of Banquo, all gory, and bloody comes to

Unit 204 Nvq Business and Admin

Unit 204 – Communicate in a business environment-Nvq level 2 in Business and Administration Why do you need to know the purpose of any communication you are sending and its Intended audience (1. 1, 1. 2) In what way does this affect the language you might use when producing written communication or information? (2. 3) The purpose of communication is for human us to be able to understand each other for different reasons. So if we develop our communicative skills we can use this skill as a tool to help me learn or explain something to someone or both.We also communicate to help one another, listen to each others' problems, and solve difficulties we face in life, find solutions to obstacles that may come into our lives. If we know the audience, we can more effectively communicate with and persuade that audience. My motivation is to get satisfaction from expressing my ideas and getting recognition from the audience. Colloquial, casual, and formal writing are three common styles th at carry their own particular sets of expectations. Style also depends on the purpose of the document and its audience. Colloquial language is an informal, conversational style of writing.Casual language involves everyday words and expressions in a familiar group context such as conversations with family or close friends. Formal language is communication that focuses on professional expression with attention to roles, protocol, and appearance. It is characterized by its vocabulary and syntax or the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence. Describe different methods of communication and when you would use them? (1. 3,1. 4) Different methods of communication that I would use in a business environment are:  ® Written communication by exchange of letters, emails or faxes.I would use every day to communicate with customer, colleagues at work and with my supervisors  ® Verbal communication when I use the phone or I talk with someone face to face. I would use this when talking w ith customers by phone and when I talk with my work colleagues and managers face to face or by phone. Communication can be informal, like face to face communication that occurs in general in a daily situation, or formal and It follows proper order, and procedures, and can be recorded to store the outcomes. What are some of the key information sources you may need to refer to when preparing written communication and information? 2,1) The Key information sources I may need to refer to when preparing written communication and information and that can guard me against inaccuracies can be guidelines, policies, procedures, records, meeting notes, specifications, handbooks, directories, service plans, organisation charts and the organisation intranet and I could speak with colleagues or managers. If I am responding to a customer or to a manager I would read them through carefully to check I have addressed all the relevant points. When using email what are some of the key principles you sho uld follow? (2. ) The key principles I should follow when using email are:  ® Start the email with a proper greeting as Mr, Mrs. If is acceptable within the organisation we could ‘Hi’ or ‘Hello’.  ® We must explain the purpose of the message in a concise manner in the subject line.  ® Get to the point of the message as soon as possible.  ® Don’t write in capital letters.  ® Be careful of sending out email to a large number of people because some people don’t want their email address to be known by estrangers.  ® Don’t open an attachment or click in a link in an email from someone I don know as it could end up infecting the computer with a virus. It is not acceptable to use emoticons and abbreviations (like the ones used in mobile text messages). I could look very unprofessional.  ® Never use email to discuss confidential information and follow the Data Protection legislation.  ® Don’t use work email account to sen d personal emails. What should you do to ensure that your written communications are organised, structured and well presented to meet the needs of the intended audience? (2. 4) To ensure that my written communications are organised, structured and well presented to meet the need of the intended audience we should start by identifying who will read the message.We need to think about what they need to know and the vocabulary we need to use. We must think about the tone of the message as well. We should create an outline that will help to identify which steps to take in which order and use simple language. The structure of the document should be â€Å"reader friendly†. What are the main ways you can check the accuracy of any written communication you produce? (2. 5) Any written content or communication has to be free of spelling and grammatical errors. It also has to be in the right and professional format. We need to check the points written down: Whatever we write has to be ac curate, otherwise it will have disastrous effects and can even ruin the reputation of the organisation, and the organisation can itself get into trouble.  ® We need to do a spell check and grammar check. Spell-check is an option available to easily correct typo errors. Sometimes it will not be 100% accurate, because if you had typed a word instead of another, then spell check will not be able to trace it. So it is always best to even read through the document twice before finalising.  ® We could use a template.Every organisation has a different style for documents they produce. As an organisation, documents have to be produce in a standard and professional format.  ® We could have our document read by another reader. Sometimes when we read or own work error can be hard to detect What is meant by plain English and why is it used? (2. 7) Plain English sometimes referred to more broadly as plain language is a generic term for communication styles that emphasise clarity and the av oidance of technical language – particularly in relation to official government communication, including laws.The intention is to write in a manner that is easily understood by everyone and is appropriate to their reading skills and knowledge, clear and direct, free of cliche and unnecessary jargon. Plain English is simple, straightforward, easily understood English, in other words the opposite of the English used by lawyers which uses long words, out-of-date words, technical words and Latin words. Why is it important to ensure that spelling, grammar and punctuation are accurate? (2. 6) The main purpose in the correct use of grammar, punctuation and spelling is ensuring the receiver of the information reads it accurately.Addition to this when given a task to do, your employer expects you to do it perfectly. When a document has inaccuracies, readers tend to distrust everything, including the statistics, opinions, and facts. This would be relayed back to my employer who would t hemselves lose confidence in our ability. For progression in my company I need to ensure I carry out all tasks to a certain standard. Why is it necessary to proof read and check written work? (2. 8) Any work that is written has to be proofread and checked because the content that we write is important.The way a paper or any information looks affects the way others judge it. We all put in so much effort to develop a document and put in all the ideas and skills we have to create a document. So it has to be error free, else it will create a bad impression to the reader, which affects the name of the organisation. So it is always best to create the correct document and make a good impression. As they say, â€Å"The first impression is the best impression†. I should proofread virtually any written piece, from emails to minutes.Just proofreading will have a great effect on the quality of my material, and I am sure that way, I will earn more compliments from people. How do you disti nguish between work which is important and that which is urgent? (2. 9) Important communications those that can provide significant value to the organisation This could be reports to managers, partners, emails and letters to staff about developments or changes within the organisation. Urgent communications are those which have deadlines. Urgent task are not necessarily complicated but are usually linked to the organisation targets for response times.What are the procedures you need to follow for saving and filing written communications in your organisation? (2. 10) The procedures I need to follow for saving filling written communications in my organisation are when I file records, I organise files or records with similar information together. Important documents that need accessing by other departments or member of staff are saved in the shared drive. Any confidential information are kept in personal folders or encrypted with a password. Records may be kept as paper files, or electr onically in shared drives, databases, or document management systems.When speaking with people face to face and over the telephone, what can you do to ensure you are presenting information and ideas clearly and are contributing effectively to discussions? (3. 1, 3. 2) To ensure I am presenting information and ideas clearly when speaking with people face to face or over the phone I should think about what I am going to say before start talking so when I present information and ideas they will be much more concise. Knowing the subject matter by reading about it, doing some research or asking colleagues or managers will help as well.It is a good idea to write it down so we can organise our thoughts and then express them clearly. We can ask questions to get some feed back and make the other person participate in the conversation. How do you show people you are actively listening to them? (3. 3) To show people that I am actively listening face to face or over the phone I need to use appr opriate phrases like I see, I understand, mmmm and ask questions to check my understanding. In face to face communication I can see as well facial expressions of the person I am talking to and they can see mine.Not being sincere or not showing interest in the other person when talking to them can be notice from our facial expressions and our gestures We should make eye contact with the person we are talking to and show that we are actively listening by nodding our head or saying ‘yes’ or ‘I see’. When talking to people face to face or over the telephone, what are the key reasons you would summarise your conversations with them? (3. 4) When talking to people face to face or over the phone they reasons I should summarise my conversation with them is to reflect back what I have heard and because is not helpful to make assumptions.It always better to check if we are not sure of something and ask the other person to give us further information. Summarising can i mprove the quality and accuracy of our conversation. What are the main ways you can get feedback on whether communications with others have been effective and how can that feedback be used to develop your communication skills? (4. 1,4. 2) The main ways I can get feedback on whether communications with others have been effective are asking questions and making sure they understood fully. We should ask colleagues and mangers to give us feed back on how we are communicating with others.During face to face conversations you can watch the facial expressions, gestures, and posture of the person you're communicating with and from this determine their level of interest and agreement with your message. I should observe more experience colleagues and ask them what I do well and areas where I can improve. I could collect examples of well constructed email and letters and use them as a reference. I will have to set the example for the team and create an environment of trust that makes it okay t o share feedback. I should provide my team with a balance of positive feedback and feedback for improvement and receive them too.

Gd on China or Pakistan Threat to India

attoVishnu, China is a bigger threat than pakistan. I am not speaking about military strength, I am speaking about economic strength. China as all the ability to take all our business, services away from us. In the future, it can stand as a big challenge when it comes to outsourcing and other IT / ITeS services there by completely paralyzing our economy through problems like unemployment etc; China.. it can also challange USA, .. India will be peanuts. pakistan†¦ both equally match†¦ so not that much big threat, but still china is kick *** for India hebiggest threat to india is the pakistan because the , the p-akistan is spreading the cold war, gueerlas war that y it important , to watch carefull the activity of pakistan definately pakistan and due to kashmir dispute. China is the bigger threat, a head on clash with china, could be damaging to India. However, pakistan offers a threat of a different kind, spreading terror, whose effect would be quite bad. hi brother its chin a. they say that arunachal pradesh belongs to them and some disputes in tibet border. its easy to fight with pakistan and win. we know the pakistan is a part of india. t has been to given a place for certain minoroties by india. so theres less threat. jai hind Currently I would say Pakistan because this is the time of Islamic aggresion in the world and Pakistan is an Islamic nation and they currently have a low level conflict with India and there have been terrorist attacks on India from Pakistan. China has the potential to be the biggest threat to anyone but they haven't really shown much aggresion. Lets hope that they remain that way. no country becoz from both we do our good relations. It all depends on how you view the situation. Neither China nor Pakistan need be our foes.We can make use of them for our mutual benefit. However, as a military force China is far superior. On the other hand Pakistan is very close to our territory. Both these factors do not count much in the modern nuclear warfare. All depends on the wisdom of the rulers of the countries and our fate. CHINA is a bigger threat to India. It has the potential to beat down India in every sphere on its own. But PAKISTAN can't do anything much without the help of bigger nations like AMERICA. As a force to compete economically, without a doubt China. But India is in a better position because US and Japan is trying to isolate China.India would soon be award the preferred trading status with US. As militarily threat, Pakistan will have more conflicts with India. There isn't much long term deep root hatred between India and China, so any dispute can be easily resolved compare to Pakistan. china provides a source of healthy competition in the world market. so ,i'd say china's not much of a threat if we realise how to make the most out of it for our advantage. we need strategic planning to implement this. the trade aggrements signed by the national leaders is a step forward in this direction. ince nation al security is of utmost importance , pakistan seems to be an immediate THREAT to the nation ,this issue is one that deserves attn rightaway. If it was a situation over what country could do more damage to India it would definatly be China†¦ But the biggest threat to India is Pakistan because China doesn't threaten and hate India like Pakistan does pakistan cant be a threat for india coz pakistan is a poor country with no economics and also india has defeted pakistan so many times, pakistan is so much spoiled internally that it cant think to fight with india. akistan is also not capable to fight with india, it is india who divided pakistan in in 1971 war and that was enough for pakistan. as far as china is concerned, we also have the same strength as china has. we are indians we are afraid of no one. to tell the truth india is in a position to defend itself if any one of the attack i. e. we are self sufficient. but if both of them get india will be ruined it will be like  "EK AUR EK GYARAH† None but India itself, notably ‘CORRUPTION' from top to bottom! The answers post by the user, for information only, FunQA. com does not guarantee the right.

Marketing Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing Research - Assignment Example It is also important that we understand that through awareness will improve on the public image of the company. Distribution research is also important in this type of strategy for Market share is important. In as much as the firm may understand the different types of brand that companies need best distribution channels assist in how the goods reach the customer in a very accessible manner. One strategy for business is how to keep inventory for the customers and how to reach the final destinations. By solving this challenge this can give Samsonite a very high advantage against its competitors. Samsonite should also include the pricing research as this is important to find the best mark up to charge their goods for having unrealistic charges can discourage customers from buying their favorite products. The financial aspect for any business is very important as this will make it possible for people to afford the products and finally lead to expansion of market share. 2) International marketing is the best strategy for Tim parker Merchandise. An international luggage company bag it requires a wider scope of people to view the product. The people with interest in travelling will lead the business to growth as this is of importance to ensure visibility of the product. The expert in sales has always suggested that there is a relation in sales and visibility. They suggest when one views something there is the chances of buying the product. It is likely that there are also campaigns of showing how reliable the product is. There are many products in this industry and the only important thing is to ensure that there is more campaign so that it can stand out. Marketing is one of the most component thing in this century is awareness and letting your competitors understand what makes your brand tick. It is always encouraging and it should not be assumed as blowing

Not yet Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Not yet - Case Study Example It has also helped the company to maintain its sustainability. The company also has a wide product line. This is a subsection of the product mix. The Coca-Cola Company has a lot of products that have similar features which helps to attract the buyers. Providing consumers with a variety of products to choose from, and will therefore not require one to look for something from a different brand. This has made it a very popular company (Dost, 2006). The Coca-Cola Company has a wide product width; this means the different categories of products that the company has. The coca cola products have been put into many different categories; this makes it easy to please customers and to entice the prospective buyers. The product length of a company is the types of products within a company which complement each other. The company has been able to expand its width considerably, as it has many more beverages that are related to each other, even if they are not sold together. The company also boasts of a product depth where a product has different categories. For example, the coca cola company has coke light, coke classic, and coke diet (Coca-Cola, 2015). This makes it a very convenient product because one never runs out of alternatives to choose from (Ferrell & Hartline, 2007). The brand of a company is its unique identification name and symbol. This helps it to be easily distinguished from other companies. For the Coca-Cola classic, its brand name is quite popular all around the world. This has helped the company to flourish because it is outstanding, and a customer will not have any doubts that the product he or she is purchasing is the very one that they wanted. The coca cola company has many different brands. This makes it easier for buyers to choose the product they want. It has also helped to expand the company because of the brand loyalty that it has acquired over the years. It is a huge brand; therefore any product that is associated

How to Avoid Injuries and Death in Motorsports Research Paper

How to Avoid Injuries and Death in Motorsports - Research Paper Example With this superior engine power and high speeds involved, motorsport is dangerous and involves freak accidents. As observed by Lipp et al. (2007), the high engine power of these engines makes them attain extremely high speeds with speeds as high as 369.9 km/h having been recorded in previous events. This makes the probability and severity of accidents extremely high. In fact, it is riskier than other sports such as football, boxing, rugby and the others. In spite of this risk, Gilbert (2014) observes that it is an addictive sport such that once started, drivers never quit no matter how many times they get involved in accidents. Therefore, this calls for detailed measures to make the sport safer for all the participants. motorsport  is all about speed. Engines are designed to produce over 8,000 horsepower, making the vehicles attain speeds of over 300 mph within a short period of time (Gilbert, 2014). As technology towards manufacturing more powerful and faster vehicles is adopted, a more innovative effort is also geared towards promoting the safety of the participants. As a result, there has been a significant achievement on motorsports safety technology over the past couple of decades. The technologies involved have been geared towards minimizing the likelihood of drivers suffering serious injuries due to a crash (Foster, Begemean & Melvin, 2011). As such, motorsports safety has sought to act directly on the driver to reduce the impact of the crash and control the crash energies that the vehicles develop. With this regard, technology has focused on four key areas. The first area is the neck and head support technology. It would be appreciated that motorsports involve high speeds and restraint on the driver. According to Foster et al. (2011), this risks basilar skull fracture on the driver due to the immense tension forces that build up in the neck as a result of the head whipping forward against the restrained torso when a frontal impact occurs. Thus, the technology to make drivers safe in such a scenario has focused on developing proper neck and head restraints.